Chapter 11 of 11
NCERT Solutions
Societal Impact
Odisha Board · Class 11 · Computer Science
NCERT Solutions for Societal Impact — Odisha Board Class 11 Computer Science.
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Exercise — Societal Impact (Chapter 11)
1After practicals, Atharv left the computer laboratory but forgot to sign off from his email account. Later, his classmate Revaan started using the same computer. He is now logged in as Atharv. He sends inflammatory email messages to few of his classmates using Atharv's email account. Revaan's activity is an example of which of the following cyber crime? Justify your answer.
a) Hacking
b) Identity theft
c) Cyber bullying
d) PlagiarismShow solution
Correct Answer: (b) Identity theft
Justification:
- Identity theft means using someone else's personal information (such as login credentials, email account, etc.) without their permission to impersonate them or carry out activities in their name.
- Revaan did not hack into Atharv's account by breaking any password or security system. He simply found the account already logged in and used it to send emails *as if he were Atharv*.
- By sending emails from Atharv's account, Revaan is pretending to be Atharv — this is a classic case of identity theft.
- It is not hacking (no security was broken), not plagiarism (no copying of content), and although the emails are inflammatory, the primary crime here is impersonating Atharv, i.e., identity theft.
Conclusion: Revaan's activity is an example of Identity Theft because he used Atharv's identity (email account) without authorisation to send messages, thereby misrepresenting himself as Atharv.
Justification:
- Identity theft means using someone else's personal information (such as login credentials, email account, etc.) without their permission to impersonate them or carry out activities in their name.
- Revaan did not hack into Atharv's account by breaking any password or security system. He simply found the account already logged in and used it to send emails *as if he were Atharv*.
- By sending emails from Atharv's account, Revaan is pretending to be Atharv — this is a classic case of identity theft.
- It is not hacking (no security was broken), not plagiarism (no copying of content), and although the emails are inflammatory, the primary crime here is impersonating Atharv, i.e., identity theft.
Conclusion: Revaan's activity is an example of Identity Theft because he used Atharv's identity (email account) without authorisation to send messages, thereby misrepresenting himself as Atharv.
2Rishika found a crumpled paper under her desk. She picked it up and opened it. It contained some text which was struck off thrice. But she could still figure out easily that the struck off text was the email ID and password of Garvit, her classmate. What is ethically correct for Rishika to do?
a) Inform Garvit so that he may change his password.
b) Give the password of Garvit's email ID to all other classmates.
c) Use Garvit's password to access his account.Show solution
Correct Answer: (a) Inform Garvit so that he may change his password.
Justification:
- Option (b) — Sharing Garvit's password with other classmates would be a serious breach of privacy and could lead to misuse of his account. This is ethically and legally wrong.
- Option (c) — Using Garvit's password to access his account without his permission is identity theft and a cyber crime under the IT Act, 2000. This is completely unethical.
- Option (a) — The ethically correct action is to inform Garvit about the situation so that he can immediately change his password and secure his account. This respects Garvit's privacy and helps protect him from potential misuse.
Conclusion: Rishika should inform Garvit about the found paper so he can change his password. This is the most ethical course of action as it protects Garvit's privacy and prevents any possible misuse of his credentials.
Justification:
- Option (b) — Sharing Garvit's password with other classmates would be a serious breach of privacy and could lead to misuse of his account. This is ethically and legally wrong.
- Option (c) — Using Garvit's password to access his account without his permission is identity theft and a cyber crime under the IT Act, 2000. This is completely unethical.
- Option (a) — The ethically correct action is to inform Garvit about the situation so that he can immediately change his password and secure his account. This respects Garvit's privacy and helps protect him from potential misuse.
Conclusion: Rishika should inform Garvit about the found paper so he can change his password. This is the most ethical course of action as it protects Garvit's privacy and prevents any possible misuse of his credentials.
3Shaurya downloaded a 2-minute clip from the Internet explaining the concept of tuples in Python. Using a video editor, he added the text 'Prepared by Shaurya' in the downloaded video clip. Then, he emailed the modified video clip to Suhana. This act of Shaurya is an example of:
a) Fair use
b) Hacking
c) Copyright infringement
d) Cyber crimeShow solution
Correct Answer: (c) Copyright infringement
Justification:
- The video clip downloaded from the Internet is the intellectual property of its original creator and is protected by copyright.
- Shaurya not only used the copyrighted video without the creator's permission but also modified it by adding his own name ('Prepared by Shaurya'), falsely claiming authorship.
- This act of using, modifying, and distributing someone else's copyrighted work without permission is called copyright infringement.
- It is not 'fair use' because fair use typically applies to limited, non-commercial, educational use with proper attribution — here Shaurya falsely claimed the work as his own.
- It is not hacking as no system was broken into.
Conclusion: Shaurya's act is Copyright Infringement because he used and modified a copyrighted video without the original creator's permission and falsely attributed it to himself.
Justification:
- The video clip downloaded from the Internet is the intellectual property of its original creator and is protected by copyright.
- Shaurya not only used the copyrighted video without the creator's permission but also modified it by adding his own name ('Prepared by Shaurya'), falsely claiming authorship.
- This act of using, modifying, and distributing someone else's copyrighted work without permission is called copyright infringement.
- It is not 'fair use' because fair use typically applies to limited, non-commercial, educational use with proper attribution — here Shaurya falsely claimed the work as his own.
- It is not hacking as no system was broken into.
Conclusion: Shaurya's act is Copyright Infringement because he used and modified a copyrighted video without the original creator's permission and falsely attributed it to himself.
4After a fight with your friend, you did the following activities. Which of these activities is NOT an example of cyber bullying?
a) You sent an email to your friend with a message saying 'I am sorry'.
b) You sent a threatening message to your friend saying 'Do not try to call or talk to me'.
c) You created an embarrassing picture of your friend and uploaded it on your account on a social networking site.Show solution
Correct Answer: (a) You sent an email to your friend with a message saying 'I am sorry'.
Justification:
- Cyber bullying involves using digital technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or harm another person.
- Option (b) — Sending a threatening message ('Do not try to call or talk to me') is a form of cyber bullying as it involves intimidation.
- Option (c) — Creating an embarrassing picture of a friend and uploading it on a social networking site is cyber bullying as it is meant to humiliate and harm the friend's reputation.
- Option (a) — Sending an email saying 'I am sorry' is a polite, reconciliatory message. It does not involve any harassment, threat, or embarrassment. It is a positive and respectful form of digital communication.
Conclusion: Option (a) is NOT an example of cyber bullying. It is a courteous apology and a healthy form of communication.
Justification:
- Cyber bullying involves using digital technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or harm another person.
- Option (b) — Sending a threatening message ('Do not try to call or talk to me') is a form of cyber bullying as it involves intimidation.
- Option (c) — Creating an embarrassing picture of a friend and uploading it on a social networking site is cyber bullying as it is meant to humiliate and harm the friend's reputation.
- Option (a) — Sending an email saying 'I am sorry' is a polite, reconciliatory message. It does not involve any harassment, threat, or embarrassment. It is a positive and respectful form of digital communication.
Conclusion: Option (a) is NOT an example of cyber bullying. It is a courteous apology and a healthy form of communication.
5Sourabh has to prepare a project on 'Digital India Initiatives'. He downloads three web pages. Which of the following steps is an example of plagiarism or copyright infringement?
a) He read a paragraph from webpage 1 and rephrased it in his own words and pasted the rephrased paragraph in his project.
b) He downloaded three images of 'Digital India Initiatives' from webpage 2 and made a collage for his project.
c) He downloaded 'Digital India Initiative' icon from webpage 3 and pasted it on the front page of his project report.Show solution
Answer:
(a) — NOT plagiarism / copyright infringement:
Sourabh read the paragraph and rephrased it in his own words. This is acceptable practice (paraphrasing). As long as he credits the source, this does not constitute plagiarism or copyright infringement.
(b) — Example of Copyright Infringement:
Downloading images from a website and using them in a project (collage) without the permission of the original creator or without checking whether the images are in the public domain is copyright infringement. Images on websites are generally protected by copyright. Using them without attribution or permission violates the creator's intellectual property rights.
(c) — Example of Copyright Infringement:
The 'Digital India Initiative' icon is a trademarked/copyrighted symbol. Downloading it and pasting it on the front page of a project report without permission is copyright (and possibly trademark) infringement.
Conclusion: Options (b) and (c) are examples of copyright infringement because Sourabh used copyrighted images and icons without the permission of the original creators or without verifying their licensing terms.
(a) — NOT plagiarism / copyright infringement:
Sourabh read the paragraph and rephrased it in his own words. This is acceptable practice (paraphrasing). As long as he credits the source, this does not constitute plagiarism or copyright infringement.
(b) — Example of Copyright Infringement:
Downloading images from a website and using them in a project (collage) without the permission of the original creator or without checking whether the images are in the public domain is copyright infringement. Images on websites are generally protected by copyright. Using them without attribution or permission violates the creator's intellectual property rights.
(c) — Example of Copyright Infringement:
The 'Digital India Initiative' icon is a trademarked/copyrighted symbol. Downloading it and pasting it on the front page of a project report without permission is copyright (and possibly trademark) infringement.
Conclusion: Options (b) and (c) are examples of copyright infringement because Sourabh used copyrighted images and icons without the permission of the original creators or without verifying their licensing terms.
6Match the following:
Column A: Plagiarism, Hacking, Credit card fraud, Digital Foot Print
Column B: Fakers, by offering special rewards or money prize asked for personal information such as bank account information | Copy and paste information from the Internet into your report and then organise it | The trail that is created when a person uses the Internet | Breaking into computers to read private emails and other filesShow solution
Correct Matching:
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| Plagiarism | Copy and paste information from the Internet into your report and then organise it |
| Hacking | Breaking into computers to read private emails and other files |
| Credit card fraud | Fakers, by offering special rewards or money prize asked for personal information, such as bank account information |
| Digital Foot Print | The trail that is created when a person uses the Internet |
Brief Explanation:
- Plagiarism: Copying content from the Internet and presenting it as one's own without giving credit is plagiarism.
- Hacking: Unauthorised access to computers to read private data is hacking.
- Credit card fraud: Fraudsters trick people into revealing bank/card details by offering fake rewards — this is credit card fraud (also a form of phishing).
- Digital Footprint: Every time a person uses the Internet, a trail of data is left behind, known as a digital footprint.
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| Plagiarism | Copy and paste information from the Internet into your report and then organise it |
| Hacking | Breaking into computers to read private emails and other files |
| Credit card fraud | Fakers, by offering special rewards or money prize asked for personal information, such as bank account information |
| Digital Foot Print | The trail that is created when a person uses the Internet |
Brief Explanation:
- Plagiarism: Copying content from the Internet and presenting it as one's own without giving credit is plagiarism.
- Hacking: Unauthorised access to computers to read private data is hacking.
- Credit card fraud: Fraudsters trick people into revealing bank/card details by offering fake rewards — this is credit card fraud (also a form of phishing).
- Digital Footprint: Every time a person uses the Internet, a trail of data is left behind, known as a digital footprint.
7You got an SMS from your bank querying a recent transaction.
a) Will you SMS your pin number to the given contact number?
b) Will you call the bank helpline number to recheck the validity of the SMS received?Show solution
(a) Will you SMS your PIN number to the given contact number?
No, you should NOT SMS your PIN number to the given contact number.
Reason:
- Banks and legitimate financial institutions never ask for your PIN, password, or sensitive account details via SMS, email, or phone calls.
- Such messages asking for personal/financial information are typically phishing attempts — a type of cyber crime where fraudsters impersonate banks to steal sensitive information.
- Sharing your PIN could lead to credit card fraud, identity theft, and financial loss.
(b) Will you call the bank helpline number to recheck the validity of the SMS received?
Yes, you should call the official bank helpline number to verify the SMS.
Reason:
- It is always advisable to verify the authenticity of any such message by calling the official helpline number printed on the back of your bank card or on the bank's official website.
- Do NOT call any number mentioned in the suspicious SMS itself, as it may be a fraudster's number.
- This step helps you confirm whether the SMS is genuine or a phishing/fraud attempt, thereby protecting your financial information.
No, you should NOT SMS your PIN number to the given contact number.
Reason:
- Banks and legitimate financial institutions never ask for your PIN, password, or sensitive account details via SMS, email, or phone calls.
- Such messages asking for personal/financial information are typically phishing attempts — a type of cyber crime where fraudsters impersonate banks to steal sensitive information.
- Sharing your PIN could lead to credit card fraud, identity theft, and financial loss.
(b) Will you call the bank helpline number to recheck the validity of the SMS received?
Yes, you should call the official bank helpline number to verify the SMS.
Reason:
- It is always advisable to verify the authenticity of any such message by calling the official helpline number printed on the back of your bank card or on the bank's official website.
- Do NOT call any number mentioned in the suspicious SMS itself, as it may be a fraudster's number.
- This step helps you confirm whether the SMS is genuine or a phishing/fraud attempt, thereby protecting your financial information.
8Preeti uploaded birthday images on a social networking site. After a fight with Himanshu, she deleted the images. Later, Himanshu forwarded one of the deleted images to their common friend Gayatri.
a) How could Himanshu access an image which Preeti had already deleted?
b) Can anybody else also access these deleted images?
c) Had these images not been deleted from Preeti's digital footprint?Show solution
(a) How could Himanshu access an image which Preeti had already deleted?
Himanshu could access the image because he had already saved/downloaded the image on his device before Preeti deleted it from the social networking site. Once an image is uploaded on the Internet and someone downloads or saves it, deleting it from your own account does not remove it from the other person's device. Himanshu had a copy of the image stored locally on his phone or computer.
(b) Can anybody else also access these deleted images?
Yes, anybody who had saved, downloaded, or taken a screenshot of the images before Preeti deleted them can still access those images. Moreover:
- Social networking sites may retain copies of deleted content on their servers for some time even after deletion.
- Anyone who had shared or forwarded the image before deletion would still have access to it.
- This illustrates the concept of digital footprint — once data is shared online, it is very difficult to completely erase it.
(c) Had these images not been deleted from Preeti's digital footprint?
No, the images had NOT been completely deleted from Preeti's digital footprint.
Justification:
- A digital footprint is the trail of data left behind when someone uses the Internet. Once Preeti uploaded the images, they became part of her digital footprint.
- Deleting images from a social networking site only removes them from Preeti's profile/account view, but:
- Copies may still exist on the social networking site's servers.
- Anyone who downloaded, saved, or shared the images still has access to them (as seen with Himanshu).
- Therefore, the images were not fully erased from her digital footprint. This highlights the importance of being careful about what we share online, as digital data is very hard to completely remove once shared.
Himanshu could access the image because he had already saved/downloaded the image on his device before Preeti deleted it from the social networking site. Once an image is uploaded on the Internet and someone downloads or saves it, deleting it from your own account does not remove it from the other person's device. Himanshu had a copy of the image stored locally on his phone or computer.
(b) Can anybody else also access these deleted images?
Yes, anybody who had saved, downloaded, or taken a screenshot of the images before Preeti deleted them can still access those images. Moreover:
- Social networking sites may retain copies of deleted content on their servers for some time even after deletion.
- Anyone who had shared or forwarded the image before deletion would still have access to it.
- This illustrates the concept of digital footprint — once data is shared online, it is very difficult to completely erase it.
(c) Had these images not been deleted from Preeti's digital footprint?
No, the images had NOT been completely deleted from Preeti's digital footprint.
Justification:
- A digital footprint is the trail of data left behind when someone uses the Internet. Once Preeti uploaded the images, they became part of her digital footprint.
- Deleting images from a social networking site only removes them from Preeti's profile/account view, but:
- Copies may still exist on the social networking site's servers.
- Anyone who downloaded, saved, or shared the images still has access to them (as seen with Himanshu).
- Therefore, the images were not fully erased from her digital footprint. This highlights the importance of being careful about what we share online, as digital data is very hard to completely remove once shared.
9An email was mass distributed to all Class XI Computer Science students claiming that their WiFi password was about to expire and instructing them to go to a URL to renew their password within 24 hours.
a) Do you find any discrepancy in this email?
b) What will happen if the student clicks on the given URL?
c) Is the email an example of cyber crime? If yes, then specify which type of cyber crime it is. Justify your answer.Show solution
*(Note: The actual email image is not visible in the OCR. The solution is based on the description provided in the question and standard phishing email characteristics.)*
(a) Discrepancies in the email:
Yes, there are discrepancies in the email. Typical discrepancies in such phishing emails include:
- The URL provided in the email is different from the registered official URL of the school WiFi network (schoolwifi.edu). The fake URL may look similar but will have slight differences (e.g., schoolwifi.com instead of schoolwifi.edu, or extra characters).
- The email creates a sense of urgency ('renew within 24 hours') to pressure students into acting quickly without thinking.
- Legitimate network administrators generally do not ask users to renew passwords via email links.
- The email may have grammatical errors or an unofficial sender address.
- The date mentioned (17 September 2017) and the urgency are classic phishing tactics.
(b) What will happen if the student clicks on the given URL?
If a student clicks on the given URL:
- They will be directed to a fake/fraudulent website that looks similar to the official school WiFi login page.
- When the student enters their username and password on this fake page, the credentials will be stolen by the attacker.
- The attacker can then use these credentials to access the school's WiFi network or misuse the student's account.
- The student's device may also get infected with malware or spyware upon clicking the link.
(c) Is the email an example of cyber crime?
Yes, this email is an example of a cyber crime. It is specifically an example of Phishing.
Justification:
- Phishing is a type of cyber crime in which fraudsters send fake emails or messages that appear to come from legitimate sources (such as a bank, school, or service provider) to trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords, usernames, or financial details.
- In this case, the email pretends to be from the school's network security staff and asks students to click on a fraudulent URL and enter their password.
- This is a textbook example of phishing — the attacker is 'fishing' for the students' login credentials by disguising the attack as an official communication.
- Under the IT Act, 2000 (amended 2008), such fraudulent activities are punishable offences.
(a) Discrepancies in the email:
Yes, there are discrepancies in the email. Typical discrepancies in such phishing emails include:
- The URL provided in the email is different from the registered official URL of the school WiFi network (schoolwifi.edu). The fake URL may look similar but will have slight differences (e.g., schoolwifi.com instead of schoolwifi.edu, or extra characters).
- The email creates a sense of urgency ('renew within 24 hours') to pressure students into acting quickly without thinking.
- Legitimate network administrators generally do not ask users to renew passwords via email links.
- The email may have grammatical errors or an unofficial sender address.
- The date mentioned (17 September 2017) and the urgency are classic phishing tactics.
(b) What will happen if the student clicks on the given URL?
If a student clicks on the given URL:
- They will be directed to a fake/fraudulent website that looks similar to the official school WiFi login page.
- When the student enters their username and password on this fake page, the credentials will be stolen by the attacker.
- The attacker can then use these credentials to access the school's WiFi network or misuse the student's account.
- The student's device may also get infected with malware or spyware upon clicking the link.
(c) Is the email an example of cyber crime?
Yes, this email is an example of a cyber crime. It is specifically an example of Phishing.
Justification:
- Phishing is a type of cyber crime in which fraudsters send fake emails or messages that appear to come from legitimate sources (such as a bank, school, or service provider) to trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords, usernames, or financial details.
- In this case, the email pretends to be from the school's network security staff and asks students to click on a fraudulent URL and enter their password.
- This is a textbook example of phishing — the attacker is 'fishing' for the students' login credentials by disguising the attack as an official communication.
- Under the IT Act, 2000 (amended 2008), such fraudulent activities are punishable offences.
10You are planning to go for a vacation. You surfed the Internet to get answers for the following queries:
a) Weather conditions
b) Availability of air tickets and fares
c) Places to visit
d) Best hotel deals
Which of your above mentioned actions might have created a digital footprint?Show solution
All four actions create a digital footprint. Here is the analysis:
(a) Weather conditions:
Searching for weather conditions on a search engine or weather website creates a passive digital footprint. The website records your IP address, location data, and search query. This data may be used to show you targeted advertisements related to travel.
(b) Availability of air tickets and fares:
This creates a significant digital footprint (both active and passive). When you search for air tickets:
- Search engines record your queries.
- Airline/travel websites track your searches, and if you log in or fill in any form, it becomes an active digital footprint.
- Your browsing data may be used to show you personalised ads for flights.
- If you book a ticket, your personal and financial information is stored.
(c) Places to visit:
Searching for tourist places creates a passive digital footprint. Websites and search engines record your interests and browsing history.
(d) Best hotel deals:
This creates a significant digital footprint. Hotel booking websites track your searches. If you log in, fill in personal details, or make a booking, it becomes an active digital footprint with personal and financial data stored.
Conclusion:
All four activities create a digital footprint. Activities (b) and (d) create the most significant footprints, especially if personal or financial information is entered. Even simple searches (a) and (c) leave passive footprints through cookies, IP address tracking, and browsing history.
(a) Weather conditions:
Searching for weather conditions on a search engine or weather website creates a passive digital footprint. The website records your IP address, location data, and search query. This data may be used to show you targeted advertisements related to travel.
(b) Availability of air tickets and fares:
This creates a significant digital footprint (both active and passive). When you search for air tickets:
- Search engines record your queries.
- Airline/travel websites track your searches, and if you log in or fill in any form, it becomes an active digital footprint.
- Your browsing data may be used to show you personalised ads for flights.
- If you book a ticket, your personal and financial information is stored.
(c) Places to visit:
Searching for tourist places creates a passive digital footprint. Websites and search engines record your interests and browsing history.
(d) Best hotel deals:
This creates a significant digital footprint. Hotel booking websites track your searches. If you log in, fill in personal details, or make a booking, it becomes an active digital footprint with personal and financial data stored.
Conclusion:
All four activities create a digital footprint. Activities (b) and (d) create the most significant footprints, especially if personal or financial information is entered. Even simple searches (a) and (c) leave passive footprints through cookies, IP address tracking, and browsing history.
11How would you recognise if one of your friends is being cyber bullied?
a) Cite the online activities which would help you detect that your friend is being cyber bullied.
b) What provisions are in IT Act 2000 (amended in 2008) to combat such situations?Show solution
(a) Online activities that help detect cyber bullying:
You can recognise that your friend is being cyber bullied if you observe the following signs and activities:
1. Receiving threatening or abusive messages on social media, email, or messaging apps.
2. Embarrassing photos or videos of your friend being posted or shared online without their consent.
3. Fake profiles or accounts created in your friend's name to spread false or humiliating information.
4. Exclusion from online groups — your friend is deliberately left out of group chats or online communities.
5. Rumours or false information being spread about your friend on social media platforms.
6. Repeated negative or hateful comments on your friend's posts or photos.
7. Your friend suddenly becomes withdrawn, anxious, or upset after using their phone or computer — a behavioural sign that often accompanies cyber bullying.
8. Your friend avoids using the Internet or social media despite previously being active online.
9. Trolling — your friend's posts are repeatedly targeted with negative, mocking, or offensive comments.
(b) Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008) to combat cyber bullying:
- Section 66A (though struck down by Supreme Court in 2015, it was originally meant to address): Sending offensive or menacing messages through communication services was punishable.
- Section 66C: Deals with identity theft — if a bully creates a fake profile using someone's identity, this section applies. Punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 66E: Protects privacy — capturing, publishing, or transmitting images of a person's private parts without consent is punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years or fine up to ₹2 lakh.
- Section 67: Deals with publishing obscene material in electronic form. Punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹5 lakh on first conviction.
- Section 67A: Deals with publishing sexually explicit material electronically. Punishment: imprisonment up to 5 years and fine up to ₹10 lakh on first conviction.
- Section 72: Breach of confidentiality and privacy — punishment: imprisonment up to 2 years or fine up to ₹1 lakh or both.
You can recognise that your friend is being cyber bullied if you observe the following signs and activities:
1. Receiving threatening or abusive messages on social media, email, or messaging apps.
2. Embarrassing photos or videos of your friend being posted or shared online without their consent.
3. Fake profiles or accounts created in your friend's name to spread false or humiliating information.
4. Exclusion from online groups — your friend is deliberately left out of group chats or online communities.
5. Rumours or false information being spread about your friend on social media platforms.
6. Repeated negative or hateful comments on your friend's posts or photos.
7. Your friend suddenly becomes withdrawn, anxious, or upset after using their phone or computer — a behavioural sign that often accompanies cyber bullying.
8. Your friend avoids using the Internet or social media despite previously being active online.
9. Trolling — your friend's posts are repeatedly targeted with negative, mocking, or offensive comments.
(b) Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008) to combat cyber bullying:
- Section 66A (though struck down by Supreme Court in 2015, it was originally meant to address): Sending offensive or menacing messages through communication services was punishable.
- Section 66C: Deals with identity theft — if a bully creates a fake profile using someone's identity, this section applies. Punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 66E: Protects privacy — capturing, publishing, or transmitting images of a person's private parts without consent is punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years or fine up to ₹2 lakh.
- Section 67: Deals with publishing obscene material in electronic form. Punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹5 lakh on first conviction.
- Section 67A: Deals with publishing sexually explicit material electronically. Punishment: imprisonment up to 5 years and fine up to ₹10 lakh on first conviction.
- Section 72: Breach of confidentiality and privacy — punishment: imprisonment up to 2 years or fine up to ₹1 lakh or both.
12Write the differences between the following:
a) Copyrights and Patents
b) Plagiarism and Copyright infringement
c) Non-ethical hacking and Ethical hacking
d) Active and Passive footprints
e) Free software and Free and Open Source SoftwareShow solution
(a) Copyrights and Patents:
| Basis | Copyright | Patent |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Legal protection given to original creative works (books, music, software, art) | Legal protection given to new inventions or processes |
| What it protects | Expression of ideas (literary, artistic, musical works) | Inventions, new processes, machines, or compositions |
| Duration | Generally the lifetime of the creator + 60 years (in India) | Usually 20 years from the date of filing |
| Registration | Automatic upon creation (registration optional but advisable) | Must be formally applied for and registered |
| Example | A novel, a song, a computer program | A new drug formula, a mechanical device |
(b) Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement:
| Basis | Plagiarism | Copyright Infringement |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own without giving credit | Using someone's copyrighted work without their permission |
| Nature | Primarily an ethical issue | Both an ethical and legal issue |
| Legal consequences | Not always illegal but is academically and professionally unethical | Is a legal offence and can result in lawsuits and penalties |
| Credit given? | No credit is given to the original author | Permission/licence not obtained from the copyright holder |
| Example | Copying a paragraph from a website and submitting it as your own essay | Using a copyrighted song in a YouTube video without a licence |
(c) Non-ethical Hacking and Ethical Hacking:
| Basis | Non-ethical (Black Hat) Hacking | Ethical (White Hat) Hacking |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Unauthorised access to computer systems for malicious purposes | Authorised access to computer systems to find and fix vulnerabilities |
| Permission | No permission from the owner | Done with explicit permission of the system owner |
| Purpose | To steal data, cause damage, or gain illegal benefits | To improve security and protect systems |
| Legality | Illegal — punishable under IT Act | Legal — performed as a professional service |
| Example | Stealing credit card information from a bank's database | A cybersecurity professional testing a company's network for weaknesses |
(d) Active and Passive Digital Footprints:
| Basis | Active Digital Footprint | Passive Digital Footprint |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Data that a user deliberately and knowingly shares online | Data that is collected without the user's direct knowledge |
| User awareness | User is aware that data is being shared | User may not be aware that data is being collected |
| Examples | Posting on social media, filling online forms, sending emails | Websites tracking your IP address, cookies tracking browsing history |
| Control | User has more control over what is shared | User has less control; data is collected automatically |
(e) Free Software and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS):
| Basis | Free Software | Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Software that gives users freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve it | Software that is both free (as in freedom) and whose source code is openly available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute |
| Source code | Source code may or may not be available | Source code is always available and open to all |
| Cost | 'Free' refers to freedom, not necessarily zero cost | Generally available at no cost and with open source code |
| Focus | Emphasises user freedom (philosophical focus — Free Software Foundation) | Emphasises both freedom and practical benefits of open development |
| Example | GNU software | Linux, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice |
*Note: In practice, most free software is also open source, and the terms are often used interchangeably, but there are philosophical differences as noted above.*
| Basis | Copyright | Patent |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Legal protection given to original creative works (books, music, software, art) | Legal protection given to new inventions or processes |
| What it protects | Expression of ideas (literary, artistic, musical works) | Inventions, new processes, machines, or compositions |
| Duration | Generally the lifetime of the creator + 60 years (in India) | Usually 20 years from the date of filing |
| Registration | Automatic upon creation (registration optional but advisable) | Must be formally applied for and registered |
| Example | A novel, a song, a computer program | A new drug formula, a mechanical device |
(b) Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement:
| Basis | Plagiarism | Copyright Infringement |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own without giving credit | Using someone's copyrighted work without their permission |
| Nature | Primarily an ethical issue | Both an ethical and legal issue |
| Legal consequences | Not always illegal but is academically and professionally unethical | Is a legal offence and can result in lawsuits and penalties |
| Credit given? | No credit is given to the original author | Permission/licence not obtained from the copyright holder |
| Example | Copying a paragraph from a website and submitting it as your own essay | Using a copyrighted song in a YouTube video without a licence |
(c) Non-ethical Hacking and Ethical Hacking:
| Basis | Non-ethical (Black Hat) Hacking | Ethical (White Hat) Hacking |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Unauthorised access to computer systems for malicious purposes | Authorised access to computer systems to find and fix vulnerabilities |
| Permission | No permission from the owner | Done with explicit permission of the system owner |
| Purpose | To steal data, cause damage, or gain illegal benefits | To improve security and protect systems |
| Legality | Illegal — punishable under IT Act | Legal — performed as a professional service |
| Example | Stealing credit card information from a bank's database | A cybersecurity professional testing a company's network for weaknesses |
(d) Active and Passive Digital Footprints:
| Basis | Active Digital Footprint | Passive Digital Footprint |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Data that a user deliberately and knowingly shares online | Data that is collected without the user's direct knowledge |
| User awareness | User is aware that data is being shared | User may not be aware that data is being collected |
| Examples | Posting on social media, filling online forms, sending emails | Websites tracking your IP address, cookies tracking browsing history |
| Control | User has more control over what is shared | User has less control; data is collected automatically |
(e) Free Software and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS):
| Basis | Free Software | Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Software that gives users freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve it | Software that is both free (as in freedom) and whose source code is openly available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute |
| Source code | Source code may or may not be available | Source code is always available and open to all |
| Cost | 'Free' refers to freedom, not necessarily zero cost | Generally available at no cost and with open source code |
| Focus | Emphasises user freedom (philosophical focus — Free Software Foundation) | Emphasises both freedom and practical benefits of open development |
| Example | GNU software | Linux, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice |
*Note: In practice, most free software is also open source, and the terms are often used interchangeably, but there are philosophical differences as noted above.*
13If you plan to use a short text from an article on the web, what steps must you take in order to credit the sources used?Show solution
Steps to credit sources when using text from a web article:
When using a short text (quotation or paraphrase) from a web article, the following steps must be taken to properly credit the source:
1. Identify the original source: Note the full URL of the webpage, the title of the article, the name of the author (if available), and the date of publication.
2. Use quotation marks (for direct quotes): If you are copying the text word-for-word, enclose it in quotation marks to indicate it is a direct quote.
3. Cite the source inline: Immediately after the quoted or paraphrased text, add an in-text citation mentioning the author's name and year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2020).
4. Add a reference/bibliography entry: At the end of your document, include a full reference for the source. A standard web citation includes:
- Author's name
- Title of the article
- Name of the website
- URL (web address)
- Date of access
*Example:* Smith, J. (2020). *Digital India Initiatives*. TechWorld. Retrieved from https://www.techworld.com/digital-india on 15 October 2023.
5. Check the website's copyright/licensing terms: Ensure the content is not restricted and that short quotations are permitted under fair use or the site's terms.
6. Do not misrepresent the source: Ensure the quoted text is not taken out of context and accurately represents the original author's meaning.
Conclusion: Proper citation gives credit to the original author, avoids plagiarism, and maintains academic integrity.
When using a short text (quotation or paraphrase) from a web article, the following steps must be taken to properly credit the source:
1. Identify the original source: Note the full URL of the webpage, the title of the article, the name of the author (if available), and the date of publication.
2. Use quotation marks (for direct quotes): If you are copying the text word-for-word, enclose it in quotation marks to indicate it is a direct quote.
3. Cite the source inline: Immediately after the quoted or paraphrased text, add an in-text citation mentioning the author's name and year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2020).
4. Add a reference/bibliography entry: At the end of your document, include a full reference for the source. A standard web citation includes:
- Author's name
- Title of the article
- Name of the website
- URL (web address)
- Date of access
*Example:* Smith, J. (2020). *Digital India Initiatives*. TechWorld. Retrieved from https://www.techworld.com/digital-india on 15 October 2023.
5. Check the website's copyright/licensing terms: Ensure the content is not restricted and that short quotations are permitted under fair use or the site's terms.
6. Do not misrepresent the source: Ensure the quoted text is not taken out of context and accurately represents the original author's meaning.
Conclusion: Proper citation gives credit to the original author, avoids plagiarism, and maintains academic integrity.
14When you search online for pictures, how will you find pictures that are available in the free public domain? How can those pictures be used in your project without copyright violations?Show solution
Finding pictures in the free public domain:
1. Use search engine filters:
- In Google Images, click on 'Tools' → 'Usage Rights' → select 'Creative Commons licences' or 'Commercial & other licences' to filter images that are free to use.
- In Bing Images, use the 'Licence' filter to find free-to-use images.
2. Use dedicated free image websites:
- Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) — large collection of freely usable media.
- Pixabay (pixabay.com) — free images and videos.
- Unsplash (unsplash.com) — high-quality free images.
- Pexels (pexels.com) — free stock photos.
- Flickr — search with Creative Commons filter.
3. Look for Creative Commons (CC) licences:
- Images with a CC0 (Public Domain) licence can be used freely without any attribution.
- Images with CC BY licence can be used freely with attribution to the original creator.
How to use these pictures without copyright violations:
1. Check the specific licence of each image before using it (CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA, etc.) and comply with its terms.
2. Give proper attribution — mention the creator's name, the source website, and the licence type when required.
3. Do not modify images that have a 'No Derivatives' (ND) clause in their licence.
4. Do not use commercially images that have a 'Non-Commercial' (NC) clause if your project is for commercial purposes.
5. Keep a record of the source URL and licence details for each image used.
Conclusion: Always verify the licence of an image before using it. Public domain and Creative Commons licensed images can be used legally in projects, provided you follow the specific terms of the licence (especially attribution requirements).
1. Use search engine filters:
- In Google Images, click on 'Tools' → 'Usage Rights' → select 'Creative Commons licences' or 'Commercial & other licences' to filter images that are free to use.
- In Bing Images, use the 'Licence' filter to find free-to-use images.
2. Use dedicated free image websites:
- Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) — large collection of freely usable media.
- Pixabay (pixabay.com) — free images and videos.
- Unsplash (unsplash.com) — high-quality free images.
- Pexels (pexels.com) — free stock photos.
- Flickr — search with Creative Commons filter.
3. Look for Creative Commons (CC) licences:
- Images with a CC0 (Public Domain) licence can be used freely without any attribution.
- Images with CC BY licence can be used freely with attribution to the original creator.
How to use these pictures without copyright violations:
1. Check the specific licence of each image before using it (CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA, etc.) and comply with its terms.
2. Give proper attribution — mention the creator's name, the source website, and the licence type when required.
3. Do not modify images that have a 'No Derivatives' (ND) clause in their licence.
4. Do not use commercially images that have a 'Non-Commercial' (NC) clause if your project is for commercial purposes.
5. Keep a record of the source URL and licence details for each image used.
Conclusion: Always verify the licence of an image before using it. Public domain and Creative Commons licensed images can be used legally in projects, provided you follow the specific terms of the licence (especially attribution requirements).
15Describe why it is important to secure your wireless router at home. Search the Internet to find the rules to create a reasonably secure password. Create an imaginary password for your home router. Will you share your password for home router with the following people? Justify your answer.
a) Parents
b) Friends
c) Neighbours
d) Home TutorsShow solution
Why it is important to secure your wireless router at home:
1. Prevent unauthorised access: An unsecured WiFi router can be accessed by anyone within range, allowing strangers to use your Internet connection without your knowledge.
2. Protect personal data: Hackers connected to your network can intercept data transmitted over the network, including passwords, banking information, and personal files.
3. Prevent misuse: Unauthorised users could use your network for illegal activities (downloading pirated content, cyber crimes), and you could be held responsible.
4. Maintain network speed: Unauthorised users consuming your bandwidth will slow down your Internet connection.
5. Prevent malware spread: An attacker on your network could introduce malware or viruses to your connected devices.
Rules to create a reasonably secure password:
1. Use a minimum of 8–12 characters (longer is better).
2. Include a mix of uppercase letters (A–Z), lowercase letters (a–z), numbers (0–9), and special characters (!, @, #, $, %, etc.).
3. Do not use easily guessable information like your name, date of birth, phone number, or common words.
4. Do not use the same password for multiple accounts.
5. Avoid sequential patterns like '12345' or 'abcde'.
6. Change your password periodically.
Example of an imaginary secure password for a home router:
$\text{Tr@v3l\2024\#Home}$$
(This uses uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special characters — making it strong and hard to guess.)
Sharing the router password:
(a) Parents — YES
Parents are trusted family members who live in the same house and need to use the home Internet. Sharing the password with parents is safe and necessary.
(b) Friends — NO (generally)
Friends visit occasionally and sharing the WiFi password with them is not advisable. Once shared, they may share it further with others, leading to unauthorised access. If needed, you can create a guest network with limited access for friends.
(c) Neighbours — NO
Neighbours should not be given the home router password. They could misuse the network, consume bandwidth, or gain access to shared files and devices on your home network. This is a significant security risk.
(d) Home Tutors — NO (generally)
Home tutors are not permanent members of the household. Sharing the router password with them is not advisable as they may misuse it or share it with others. If Internet access is needed for teaching purposes, a guest network or mobile hotspot can be provided temporarily.
Conclusion: The home router password should only be shared with trusted permanent household members (like parents). For others, alternative arrangements like a guest network should be used.
1. Prevent unauthorised access: An unsecured WiFi router can be accessed by anyone within range, allowing strangers to use your Internet connection without your knowledge.
2. Protect personal data: Hackers connected to your network can intercept data transmitted over the network, including passwords, banking information, and personal files.
3. Prevent misuse: Unauthorised users could use your network for illegal activities (downloading pirated content, cyber crimes), and you could be held responsible.
4. Maintain network speed: Unauthorised users consuming your bandwidth will slow down your Internet connection.
5. Prevent malware spread: An attacker on your network could introduce malware or viruses to your connected devices.
Rules to create a reasonably secure password:
1. Use a minimum of 8–12 characters (longer is better).
2. Include a mix of uppercase letters (A–Z), lowercase letters (a–z), numbers (0–9), and special characters (!, @, #, $, %, etc.).
3. Do not use easily guessable information like your name, date of birth, phone number, or common words.
4. Do not use the same password for multiple accounts.
5. Avoid sequential patterns like '12345' or 'abcde'.
6. Change your password periodically.
Example of an imaginary secure password for a home router:
$\text{Tr@v3l\2024\#Home}$$
(This uses uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special characters — making it strong and hard to guess.)
Sharing the router password:
(a) Parents — YES
Parents are trusted family members who live in the same house and need to use the home Internet. Sharing the password with parents is safe and necessary.
(b) Friends — NO (generally)
Friends visit occasionally and sharing the WiFi password with them is not advisable. Once shared, they may share it further with others, leading to unauthorised access. If needed, you can create a guest network with limited access for friends.
(c) Neighbours — NO
Neighbours should not be given the home router password. They could misuse the network, consume bandwidth, or gain access to shared files and devices on your home network. This is a significant security risk.
(d) Home Tutors — NO (generally)
Home tutors are not permanent members of the household. Sharing the router password with them is not advisable as they may misuse it or share it with others. If Internet access is needed for teaching purposes, a guest network or mobile hotspot can be provided temporarily.
Conclusion: The home router password should only be shared with trusted permanent household members (like parents). For others, alternative arrangements like a guest network should be used.
16List down the steps you need to take in order to ensure:
a) your computer is in good working condition for a longer time.
b) smart and safe Internet surfing.Show solution
(a) Steps to keep your computer in good working condition for a longer time:
1. Install and update antivirus software regularly to protect against viruses and malware.
2. Keep the operating system and software updated to get security patches and performance improvements.
3. Regularly clean up the hard disk — delete unnecessary files, empty the recycle bin, and use disk cleanup tools.
4. Defragment the hard disk periodically (for HDD-based systems) to improve performance.
5. Avoid installing unnecessary or pirated software that may contain malware.
6. Use a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) to protect against sudden power cuts that can damage hardware and corrupt data.
7. Keep the computer physically clean — dust the keyboard, monitor, and CPU cabinet regularly to prevent overheating.
8. Ensure proper ventilation around the computer to prevent overheating.
9. Take regular backups of important data to prevent data loss.
10. Shut down the computer properly — avoid forceful shutdowns.
11. Use a surge protector to protect against voltage fluctuations.
12. Do not eat or drink near the computer to avoid spills and damage.
(b) Steps for smart and safe Internet surfing:
1. Use strong, unique passwords for all online accounts and change them regularly.
2. Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever available for added security.
3. Look for HTTPS in the URL before entering any personal or financial information on a website.
4. Do not click on suspicious links in emails, messages, or pop-ups (to avoid phishing attacks).
5. Keep your browser updated and use reputable browsers.
6. Use a reliable antivirus and firewall to protect against online threats.
7. Avoid using public WiFi for sensitive transactions like banking. If necessary, use a VPN.
8. Do not share personal information (address, phone number, financial details) on unknown websites.
9. Be cautious about what you download — only download from trusted sources.
10. Log out from accounts after use, especially on shared computers.
11. Check privacy settings on social media and limit who can see your information.
12. Be aware of fake news and misinformation — verify information before sharing.
13. Respect others' privacy and follow net-etiquettes while communicating online.
1. Install and update antivirus software regularly to protect against viruses and malware.
2. Keep the operating system and software updated to get security patches and performance improvements.
3. Regularly clean up the hard disk — delete unnecessary files, empty the recycle bin, and use disk cleanup tools.
4. Defragment the hard disk periodically (for HDD-based systems) to improve performance.
5. Avoid installing unnecessary or pirated software that may contain malware.
6. Use a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) to protect against sudden power cuts that can damage hardware and corrupt data.
7. Keep the computer physically clean — dust the keyboard, monitor, and CPU cabinet regularly to prevent overheating.
8. Ensure proper ventilation around the computer to prevent overheating.
9. Take regular backups of important data to prevent data loss.
10. Shut down the computer properly — avoid forceful shutdowns.
11. Use a surge protector to protect against voltage fluctuations.
12. Do not eat or drink near the computer to avoid spills and damage.
(b) Steps for smart and safe Internet surfing:
1. Use strong, unique passwords for all online accounts and change them regularly.
2. Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever available for added security.
3. Look for HTTPS in the URL before entering any personal or financial information on a website.
4. Do not click on suspicious links in emails, messages, or pop-ups (to avoid phishing attacks).
5. Keep your browser updated and use reputable browsers.
6. Use a reliable antivirus and firewall to protect against online threats.
7. Avoid using public WiFi for sensitive transactions like banking. If necessary, use a VPN.
8. Do not share personal information (address, phone number, financial details) on unknown websites.
9. Be cautious about what you download — only download from trusted sources.
10. Log out from accounts after use, especially on shared computers.
11. Check privacy settings on social media and limit who can see your information.
12. Be aware of fake news and misinformation — verify information before sharing.
13. Respect others' privacy and follow net-etiquettes while communicating online.
17What is data privacy? Websites that you visit collect what type of information about you?Show solution
Data Privacy:
Data privacy (also called information privacy) refers to the right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected, stored, used, and shared by organisations, websites, and other entities. It involves ensuring that personal data is handled responsibly, kept confidential, and used only for the purposes for which it was collected, with the individual's knowledge and consent.
Data privacy is important because misuse of personal data can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, targeted manipulation, and violation of an individual's rights.
Types of information websites collect about you:
When you visit websites, they may collect the following types of information:
1. Personal Identification Information:
- Name, email address, phone number, date of birth (when you fill in forms or register).
2. Login Credentials:
- Username and password (when you create an account).
3. Financial Information:
- Credit/debit card numbers, bank account details (when you make online purchases).
4. Location Data:
- Your geographical location (city, country) based on your IP address or GPS data.
5. Browsing Behaviour:
- Pages visited, time spent on each page, links clicked, search queries — tracked via cookies and web analytics tools.
6. Device Information:
- Type of device (mobile/desktop), operating system, browser type and version, screen resolution.
7. IP Address:
- Your Internet Protocol address, which can reveal your approximate location and Internet Service Provider.
8. Cookies and Tracking Data:
- Websites place cookies on your browser to track your preferences, login status, and browsing history for personalised advertising.
9. Social Media Data:
- If you log in to a website using your social media account (e.g., 'Login with Google/Facebook'), the website may access your social media profile information.
Conclusion: Websites collect a wide range of data — from basic identification to detailed behavioural data. Users should be aware of privacy policies and use privacy settings to limit data collection wherever possible.
Data privacy (also called information privacy) refers to the right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected, stored, used, and shared by organisations, websites, and other entities. It involves ensuring that personal data is handled responsibly, kept confidential, and used only for the purposes for which it was collected, with the individual's knowledge and consent.
Data privacy is important because misuse of personal data can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, targeted manipulation, and violation of an individual's rights.
Types of information websites collect about you:
When you visit websites, they may collect the following types of information:
1. Personal Identification Information:
- Name, email address, phone number, date of birth (when you fill in forms or register).
2. Login Credentials:
- Username and password (when you create an account).
3. Financial Information:
- Credit/debit card numbers, bank account details (when you make online purchases).
4. Location Data:
- Your geographical location (city, country) based on your IP address or GPS data.
5. Browsing Behaviour:
- Pages visited, time spent on each page, links clicked, search queries — tracked via cookies and web analytics tools.
6. Device Information:
- Type of device (mobile/desktop), operating system, browser type and version, screen resolution.
7. IP Address:
- Your Internet Protocol address, which can reveal your approximate location and Internet Service Provider.
8. Cookies and Tracking Data:
- Websites place cookies on your browser to track your preferences, login status, and browsing history for personalised advertising.
9. Social Media Data:
- If you log in to a website using your social media account (e.g., 'Login with Google/Facebook'), the website may access your social media profile information.
Conclusion: Websites collect a wide range of data — from basic identification to detailed behavioural data. Users should be aware of privacy policies and use privacy settings to limit data collection wherever possible.
18In the computer science class, Sunil and Jagdish were assigned the following task by their teacher.
a) Sunil was asked to find information about 'India, a Nuclear power'. He was asked to use Google Chrome browser and prepare his report using Google Docs.
b) Jagdish was asked to find information about 'Digital India'. He was asked to use Mozilla Firefox browser and prepare his report using Libre Office Writer.
What is the difference between technologies used by Sunil and Jagdish?Show solution
Difference between technologies used by Sunil and Jagdish:
| Aspect | Sunil's Technology | Jagdish's Technology |
|---|---|---|
| Browser used | Google Chrome | Mozilla Firefox |
| Word Processor used | Google Docs | LibreOffice Writer |
| Type of software (Browser) | Proprietary software (developed and owned by Google) | Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) — developed by Mozilla Foundation |
| Type of software (Word Processor) | Cloud-based proprietary software (Google Docs is a web application by Google) | Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) — part of the LibreOffice suite |
| Data storage | Google Docs stores data on Google's cloud servers (online storage) | LibreOffice Writer stores data locally on the computer (offline) |
| Internet requirement | Google Docs requires an active Internet connection to work (cloud-based) | LibreOffice Writer can work offline without Internet |
| Cost | Google Chrome and Google Docs are free to use but are proprietary | Mozilla Firefox and LibreOffice are completely free and open source |
| Source code | Source code of Google Chrome (Chromium base is open, but Chrome itself is proprietary) and Google Docs is not fully open | Source code of Mozilla Firefox and LibreOffice is freely available and can be modified |
Key Difference:
Sunil uses a combination of proprietary/cloud-based tools (Google Chrome + Google Docs), while Jagdish uses Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) tools (Mozilla Firefox + LibreOffice Writer). Jagdish's tools give more freedom in terms of access to source code, modification, and offline use, while Sunil's tools offer cloud convenience but with less user control over data and software.
| Aspect | Sunil's Technology | Jagdish's Technology |
|---|---|---|
| Browser used | Google Chrome | Mozilla Firefox |
| Word Processor used | Google Docs | LibreOffice Writer |
| Type of software (Browser) | Proprietary software (developed and owned by Google) | Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) — developed by Mozilla Foundation |
| Type of software (Word Processor) | Cloud-based proprietary software (Google Docs is a web application by Google) | Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) — part of the LibreOffice suite |
| Data storage | Google Docs stores data on Google's cloud servers (online storage) | LibreOffice Writer stores data locally on the computer (offline) |
| Internet requirement | Google Docs requires an active Internet connection to work (cloud-based) | LibreOffice Writer can work offline without Internet |
| Cost | Google Chrome and Google Docs are free to use but are proprietary | Mozilla Firefox and LibreOffice are completely free and open source |
| Source code | Source code of Google Chrome (Chromium base is open, but Chrome itself is proprietary) and Google Docs is not fully open | Source code of Mozilla Firefox and LibreOffice is freely available and can be modified |
Key Difference:
Sunil uses a combination of proprietary/cloud-based tools (Google Chrome + Google Docs), while Jagdish uses Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) tools (Mozilla Firefox + LibreOffice Writer). Jagdish's tools give more freedom in terms of access to source code, modification, and offline use, while Sunil's tools offer cloud convenience but with less user control over data and software.
19Cite examples depicting that you were a victim of the following cyber crime. Also, cite provisions in IT Act to deal with such a cyber crime.
a) Identity theft
b) Credit card account theftShow solution
(a) Identity Theft:
Example:
Suppose you receive an email from an unknown sender saying that your bank account has been suspended and you need to verify your details. You click on the link in the email (which leads to a fake website that looks exactly like your bank's website) and enter your name, account number, and password. A few days later, you discover that someone has been making transactions from your bank account using your credentials. You are a victim of identity theft — your personal and financial identity was stolen and used by someone else without your knowledge.
Another example: Someone creates a fake social media profile using your name, photograph, and personal details and uses it to interact with your friends or carry out fraudulent activities.
Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008):
- Section 66C: Deals specifically with identity theft. It states that whoever fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password, or any other unique identification feature of any other person shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years and shall also be liable to a fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 66D: Deals with cheating by personation using computer resources — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
(b) Credit Card Account Theft:
Example:
You receive a phone call from someone claiming to be a bank representative. They tell you that your credit card has been blocked due to suspicious activity and ask you to verify your card number, CVV, and OTP to unblock it. Trusting the caller, you share the details. Shortly after, you receive SMS alerts showing multiple unauthorised transactions made using your credit card. You are a victim of credit card account theft (also known as credit card fraud).
Another example: While shopping at a store, a dishonest employee uses a skimming device to copy your credit card information. Later, a duplicate card is made and used for fraudulent purchases.
Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008):
- Section 66C: Fraudulent use of another person's password or unique identification (including credit card details) — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 66D: Cheating by personation using computer resources (e.g., impersonating a bank to steal card details) — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 43: If someone accesses your computer/account without permission to steal financial data — they are liable to pay compensation to the affected person.
- Additionally, credit card fraud is also covered under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 419 and 420 (cheating and fraud).
Example:
Suppose you receive an email from an unknown sender saying that your bank account has been suspended and you need to verify your details. You click on the link in the email (which leads to a fake website that looks exactly like your bank's website) and enter your name, account number, and password. A few days later, you discover that someone has been making transactions from your bank account using your credentials. You are a victim of identity theft — your personal and financial identity was stolen and used by someone else without your knowledge.
Another example: Someone creates a fake social media profile using your name, photograph, and personal details and uses it to interact with your friends or carry out fraudulent activities.
Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008):
- Section 66C: Deals specifically with identity theft. It states that whoever fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password, or any other unique identification feature of any other person shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years and shall also be liable to a fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 66D: Deals with cheating by personation using computer resources — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
(b) Credit Card Account Theft:
Example:
You receive a phone call from someone claiming to be a bank representative. They tell you that your credit card has been blocked due to suspicious activity and ask you to verify your card number, CVV, and OTP to unblock it. Trusting the caller, you share the details. Shortly after, you receive SMS alerts showing multiple unauthorised transactions made using your credit card. You are a victim of credit card account theft (also known as credit card fraud).
Another example: While shopping at a store, a dishonest employee uses a skimming device to copy your credit card information. Later, a duplicate card is made and used for fraudulent purchases.
Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008):
- Section 66C: Fraudulent use of another person's password or unique identification (including credit card details) — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 66D: Cheating by personation using computer resources (e.g., impersonating a bank to steal card details) — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
- Section 43: If someone accesses your computer/account without permission to steal financial data — they are liable to pay compensation to the affected person.
- Additionally, credit card fraud is also covered under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 419 and 420 (cheating and fraud).
20Neerja is a student of Class XI. She has opted for Computer Science. Neerja prepared the project assigned to her. She mailed it to her teacher. Find out which of the following email etiquettes are missing in it. Justify your answer.
a) Subject of the mail
b) Formal greeting
c) Self-explanatory terms
d) Identity of the sender
e) RegardsShow solution
*(Note: The actual email snapshot/image is not visible in the OCR. The solution is based on standard email etiquette principles and the context of the question.)*
Email Etiquettes Analysis:
Based on the context (a student emailing a project to a teacher), the following etiquettes may be missing:
(a) Subject of the mail:
The subject line should clearly indicate the purpose of the email, e.g., *'Submission of Computer Science Project — Neerja, Class XI'*. If the subject line is absent or vague (e.g., just 'Hi' or blank), it is a missing etiquette. A clear subject is essential so the teacher immediately knows the purpose of the email.
(b) Formal greeting:
Since the email is addressed to a teacher, it must begin with a formal greeting such as *'Respected Ma'am/Sir'* or *'Dear Ms./Mr. [Teacher's Name]'*. If the email begins abruptly without any greeting, this etiquette is missing. A formal greeting shows respect and professionalism.
(c) Self-explanatory terms:
The body of the email should be clear and self-explanatory. It should mention what is being sent (the project), the subject/topic of the project, and any other relevant details. If the email body is vague or uses unclear language, this etiquette is missing.
(d) Identity of the sender:
Neerja must clearly identify herself in the email — mentioning her full name, class, section, and roll number. If the email does not mention who the sender is (beyond just the email address), this etiquette is missing. The teacher needs to know which student sent the project.
(e) Regards:
The email should end with a formal closing such as *'Yours sincerely'*, *'Regards'*, or *'Thanking you'*, followed by Neerja's name. If the email ends abruptly without any closing remark, this etiquette is missing. A proper closing shows courtesy and professionalism.
Conclusion:
A well-written email from Neerja to her teacher should include all five elements: a clear subject line, a formal greeting, a self-explanatory body, the sender's identity, and a formal closing with regards. Any of these missing from the email would be a violation of email etiquette.
Email Etiquettes Analysis:
Based on the context (a student emailing a project to a teacher), the following etiquettes may be missing:
(a) Subject of the mail:
The subject line should clearly indicate the purpose of the email, e.g., *'Submission of Computer Science Project — Neerja, Class XI'*. If the subject line is absent or vague (e.g., just 'Hi' or blank), it is a missing etiquette. A clear subject is essential so the teacher immediately knows the purpose of the email.
(b) Formal greeting:
Since the email is addressed to a teacher, it must begin with a formal greeting such as *'Respected Ma'am/Sir'* or *'Dear Ms./Mr. [Teacher's Name]'*. If the email begins abruptly without any greeting, this etiquette is missing. A formal greeting shows respect and professionalism.
(c) Self-explanatory terms:
The body of the email should be clear and self-explanatory. It should mention what is being sent (the project), the subject/topic of the project, and any other relevant details. If the email body is vague or uses unclear language, this etiquette is missing.
(d) Identity of the sender:
Neerja must clearly identify herself in the email — mentioning her full name, class, section, and roll number. If the email does not mention who the sender is (beyond just the email address), this etiquette is missing. The teacher needs to know which student sent the project.
(e) Regards:
The email should end with a formal closing such as *'Yours sincerely'*, *'Regards'*, or *'Thanking you'*, followed by Neerja's name. If the email ends abruptly without any closing remark, this etiquette is missing. A proper closing shows courtesy and professionalism.
Conclusion:
A well-written email from Neerja to her teacher should include all five elements: a clear subject line, a formal greeting, a self-explanatory body, the sender's identity, and a formal closing with regards. Any of these missing from the email would be a violation of email etiquette.
21Sumit got good marks in all the subjects. His father gifted him a laptop. He would like to make Sumit aware of health hazards associated with inappropriate and excessive use of laptop. Help his father to list the points which he should discuss with Sumit.Show solution
Health hazards associated with inappropriate and excessive use of a laptop — Points for Sumit's father to discuss:
1. Eye Strain and Vision Problems (Computer Vision Syndrome):
- Staring at the laptop screen for long periods causes eye strain, dry eyes, watery eyes, blurred vision, and headaches.
- The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt sleep patterns.
- Advice: Follow the 20-20-20 rule — every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Maintain proper viewing distance (about 50–70 cm from the screen).
2. Poor Posture and Back/Neck Pain:
- Using a laptop while slouching or in an improper position leads to back pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain.
- Laptops, unlike desktops, are not ergonomically ideal as the screen and keyboard are close together.
- Advice: Use an ergonomic chair, keep the screen at eye level, and maintain a straight posture.
3. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) / Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
- Excessive typing and use of the touchpad can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrists, fingers, and hands.
- Advice: Take regular breaks, use an external keyboard and mouse if using the laptop for long hours.
4. Obesity and Physical Inactivity:
- Spending too much time on the laptop leads to a sedentary lifestyle, reducing physical activity.
- This can lead to weight gain, obesity, and related health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
- Advice: Balance laptop use with regular physical exercise and outdoor activities.
5. Sleep Disorders:
- Using the laptop late at night, especially in bed, disrupts the sleep cycle due to blue light exposure and mental stimulation.
- This leads to insomnia, fatigue, and reduced concentration.
- Advice: Avoid using the laptop at least 1 hour before bedtime. Use 'night mode' or blue light filters in the evening.
6. Psychological and Mental Health Issues:
- Excessive use of social media and online gaming can lead to addiction, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
- Exposure to cyberbullying, inappropriate content, or online harassment can cause psychological distress.
- Advice: Set time limits for recreational laptop use. Maintain a healthy balance between online and offline social interactions.
7. Hearing Problems:
- Using headphones at high volume for extended periods while watching videos or listening to music can cause hearing loss.
- Advice: Keep the volume at a safe level (below 60% of maximum) and take breaks from headphone use.
8. Headaches:
- Prolonged screen time, eye strain, and poor posture all contribute to frequent headaches.
- Advice: Take regular breaks, adjust screen brightness, and ensure proper lighting in the room.
9. Skin and Heat Issues:
- Placing the laptop directly on the lap can cause skin discolouration and burns due to heat generated by the device.
- Advice: Always use the laptop on a flat, hard surface or use a laptop stand/cooling pad.
10. Social and Academic Impact:
- Excessive use of the laptop for entertainment (gaming, social media) can negatively impact studies, reduce concentration, and affect academic performance.
- Advice: Set a schedule for laptop use — prioritise studies and limit entertainment time.
General Advice for Sumit:
- Follow ergonomic guidelines for laptop use.
- Take a break of at least 5–10 minutes every hour.
- Maintain a healthy balance between screen time and physical activities, hobbies, and face-to-face social interactions.
- Keep the laptop away during meal times and before sleep.
1. Eye Strain and Vision Problems (Computer Vision Syndrome):
- Staring at the laptop screen for long periods causes eye strain, dry eyes, watery eyes, blurred vision, and headaches.
- The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt sleep patterns.
- Advice: Follow the 20-20-20 rule — every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Maintain proper viewing distance (about 50–70 cm from the screen).
2. Poor Posture and Back/Neck Pain:
- Using a laptop while slouching or in an improper position leads to back pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain.
- Laptops, unlike desktops, are not ergonomically ideal as the screen and keyboard are close together.
- Advice: Use an ergonomic chair, keep the screen at eye level, and maintain a straight posture.
3. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) / Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
- Excessive typing and use of the touchpad can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrists, fingers, and hands.
- Advice: Take regular breaks, use an external keyboard and mouse if using the laptop for long hours.
4. Obesity and Physical Inactivity:
- Spending too much time on the laptop leads to a sedentary lifestyle, reducing physical activity.
- This can lead to weight gain, obesity, and related health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
- Advice: Balance laptop use with regular physical exercise and outdoor activities.
5. Sleep Disorders:
- Using the laptop late at night, especially in bed, disrupts the sleep cycle due to blue light exposure and mental stimulation.
- This leads to insomnia, fatigue, and reduced concentration.
- Advice: Avoid using the laptop at least 1 hour before bedtime. Use 'night mode' or blue light filters in the evening.
6. Psychological and Mental Health Issues:
- Excessive use of social media and online gaming can lead to addiction, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
- Exposure to cyberbullying, inappropriate content, or online harassment can cause psychological distress.
- Advice: Set time limits for recreational laptop use. Maintain a healthy balance between online and offline social interactions.
7. Hearing Problems:
- Using headphones at high volume for extended periods while watching videos or listening to music can cause hearing loss.
- Advice: Keep the volume at a safe level (below 60% of maximum) and take breaks from headphone use.
8. Headaches:
- Prolonged screen time, eye strain, and poor posture all contribute to frequent headaches.
- Advice: Take regular breaks, adjust screen brightness, and ensure proper lighting in the room.
9. Skin and Heat Issues:
- Placing the laptop directly on the lap can cause skin discolouration and burns due to heat generated by the device.
- Advice: Always use the laptop on a flat, hard surface or use a laptop stand/cooling pad.
10. Social and Academic Impact:
- Excessive use of the laptop for entertainment (gaming, social media) can negatively impact studies, reduce concentration, and affect academic performance.
- Advice: Set a schedule for laptop use — prioritise studies and limit entertainment time.
General Advice for Sumit:
- Follow ergonomic guidelines for laptop use.
- Take a break of at least 5–10 minutes every hour.
- Maintain a healthy balance between screen time and physical activities, hobbies, and face-to-face social interactions.
- Keep the laptop away during meal times and before sleep.
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