The Origin and Evolution of the Earth

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The Nebular Hypothesis was proposed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant and revised by mathematician Laplace in 1796. It suggests that planets were formed from a cloud of material associated with a sl…

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The Big Bang Theory, also called the expanding universe hypothesis, states that all matter in the universe existed as a 'tiny ball' with infinite temperature and density. It exploded violently 13.7 bi…

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A light year is a measure of distance, not time. It is the distance light travels in one year at a speed of 300,000 km/second. One light year equals 9.461 × 10¹² km. The distance between the Sun and E…

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Stage 1: Stars form as localized lumps of gas within a nebula, with gravitational force creating a core and a rotating disc of gas and dust. Stage 2: The gas cloud condenses, and matter around the cor…

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Planetesimals are small rounded objects formed when matter around a gas core condenses during planet formation. They develop through cohesion and collision processes. Larger bodies form as gravitation…

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Earth's layered structure developed through differentiation. During its primordial volatile state, increasing density raised internal temperature. Heavier materials (like iron) sank toward the center …

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Stage 1: Loss of primordial atmosphere (hydrogen and helium stripped off by solar winds). Stage 2: Hot interior contributed gases through degassing and volcanic eruptions, releasing water vapor, nitro…

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Degassing is the process through which gases were released from Earth's interior during cooling. Continuous volcanic eruptions contributed water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia t…