Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Bihar Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
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Get startedWhat are haloalkanes and haloarenes? How do they differ structurally?
Answer
Haloalkanes (alkyl halides) are compounds where halogen atoms are attached to sp³ hybridized carbon atoms of alkyl groups (R-X). Haloarenes (aryl halides) are compounds where halogen atoms are directl…
Classify haloalkanes as primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) with examples.
Answer
Classification based on the carbon atom to which halogen is attached: 1° (Primary): Halogen attached to primary carbon - CH₃CH₂Cl (ethyl chloride) 2° (Secondary): Halogen attached to secondary carbon …
What are allylic and benzylic halides? Give examples.
Answer
Allylic halides: Halogen attached to sp³ carbon adjacent to C=C double bond. Example: CH₂=CH-CH₂Cl (3-chloropropene) Benzylic halides: Halogen attached to sp³ carbon attached to aromatic ring. Example…
Write IUPAC names for: (a) (CH₃)₃CCH₂Br (b) CH₃CH₂CH(Cl)CH₃ (c) CH₂=CHCl
Answer
(a) (CH₃)₃CCH₂Br = 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane (neo-pentyl bromide) (b) CH₃CH₂CH(Cl)CH₃ = 2-Chlorobutane (sec-butyl chloride) (c) CH₂=CHCl = Chloroethene (vinyl chloride) In IUPAC system, halogen is t…
What are geminal and vicinal dihalides? How are they named?
Answer
Geminal halides (gem-dihalides): Both halogen atoms on same carbon. Example: CH₃CHCl₂ (1,1-dichloroethane, ethylidene chloride) Vicinal halides (vic-dihalides): Halogen atoms on adjacent carbons. Exam…
Explain the nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes. How does bond length and strength vary down the group?
Answer
C-X bond is polar due to electronegativity difference (C^δ+ - X^δ-). Down the group F→I: • Bond length increases: C-F (139 pm) < C-Cl (178 pm) < C-Br (193 pm) < C-I (214 pm) • Bond strength decreases:…
How are alkyl halides prepared from alcohols? Write the reactions with different reagents.
Answer
From alcohols using: 1. HX/ZnCl₂: R-OH + HCl/ZnCl₂ → R-Cl + H₂O 2. PCl₅: R-OH + PCl₅ → R-Cl + POCl₃ + HCl 3. SOCl₂ (best): R-OH + SOCl₂ → R-Cl + SO₂ + HCl 4. PBr₃: 3R-OH + PBr₃ → 3R-Br + H₃PO₃ SOCl₂ i…
Describe the preparation of haloalkanes from alkenes. What is Markovnikov's rule?
Answer
1. Addition of HX: R-CH=CH₂ + HX → R-CHX-CH₃ 2. Addition of X₂: R-CH=CH₂ + Br₂/CCl₄ → R-CHBr-CH₂Br Markovnikov's rule: In addition of HX to unsymmetrical alkenes, hydrogen goes to carbon with more hyd…
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