Bihar Board Class 12 Computer Science — Chapter Summary

Exception handling manages errors that occur during program execution so that a program does not terminate abruptly. Syntax errors are detected before execution begins, while exceptions arise during execution of a syntactically correct program. Python provides built-in exceptions for common errors a

File handling makes it possible to store data permanently on secondary storage so that it can be used later. A file is a named location on secondary storage where data are permanently stored for later access. Python uses the io module for file operations. Files are mainly of two types: text files an

Stack is a linear data structure in which elements are added and removed from one end only, called TOP. It follows the LIFO principle, meaning the last element inserted is the first one removed. Python implements a stack conveniently using the list data type with append() and pop(). Stack is useful