Kings, Farmers and Towns (Early States and Economies) (c.600 BCE-600 CE)
Bihar Board · Class 12 · History
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Get startedWhat is the meaning of 'mahajanapada' and how many such states are mentioned in early Buddhist and Jaina texts?
Answer
Mahajanapada literally means 'great janapada' where janapada refers to the land where a jana (people, clan or tribe) sets its foot or settles. Early Buddhist and Jaina texts mention sixteen mahajanapa…
What were ganas or sanghas? Give examples of important personalities who belonged to such systems.
Answer
Ganas or sanghas were oligarchies where power was shared by a number of men, often collectively called rajas, rather than being ruled by a single king. Both Mahavira (founder of Jainism) and the Buddh…
Why did Magadha become the most powerful mahajanapada between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE?
Answer
Magadha's power was due to several factors: (1) Highly productive agriculture, (2) Accessible iron mines in present-day Jharkhand for tools and weapons, (3) Elephants from regional forests for the arm…
What is epigraphy and who was James Prinsep? What was his major contribution to Indian history?
Answer
Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions. James Prinsep was an officer in the East India Company's mint who, in the 1830s, deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts used in the earliest inscriptions and c…
What was Asoka's dhamma? What were its main principles and how was it spread?
Answer
Asoka's dhamma included: (1) Respect towards elders, (2) Generosity towards Brahmanas and those who renounced worldly life, (3) Treating slaves and servants kindly, and (4) Respect for religions and t…
Name the five major political centres of the Mauryan Empire and explain their strategic importance.
Answer
The five centres were: (1) Pataliputra (capital), (2) Taxila (on important trade routes), (3) Ujjayini (on land routes), (4) Tosali (administrative centre), and (5) Suvarnagiri (literally 'golden moun…
What was the role of the gahapati in early Indian society?
Answer
A gahapati was the owner, master, or head of a household who exercised control over women, children, slaves, and workers sharing a common residence. He owned resources like land, animals, and other ho…
Explain the agricultural transformation that occurred around the 6th century BCE.
Answer
Key agricultural changes included: (1) Shift to plough agriculture using iron-tipped ploughshares in fertile river valleys like Ganga and Kaveri, (2) Introduction of paddy transplantation in areas wit…
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