CBSE Class 12 History — Chapter Summary

The Harappan Civilization, also called the Indus Valley Civilization, was one of the earliest urban cultures of the subcontinent. Its study rests mainly on archaeological evidence such as seals, bricks, houses, beads, tools, drains, burials, and weights. The civilization developed over a long span f

Travel accounts from Al-Biruni, Ibn Battuta, and François Bernier provide valuable descriptions of society, economy, cities, religion, and everyday life in the subcontinent. These writers came from different regions and periods, so their observations reflected different purposes, methods, and biases

Colonial rule in the countryside changed land rights, revenue collection, and rural power relations in Bengal and the Bombay Deccan. The chapter follows three connected settings: Bengal zamindars under the Permanent Settlement, the Paharias and Santhals in the Rajmahal hills, and the Deccan countrys