The End of Bipolarity
CBSE · Class 12 · Political Science
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The Soviet System and Its Features
- USSR was formed after the 1917 socialist revolution inspired by ideals of socialism and equality
- Single-party system dominated by the Communist Party with no opposition allowed
- Planned economy controlled entirely by the state
Weaknesses and Internal Problems of USSR
- Economic stagnation in the late 1970s with declining productivity and technology
- Heavy military spending on nuclear arsenal and satellite states created economic burden
- Shortages of consumer goods and increasing food imports
Gorbachev's Reforms and Unintended Consequences
- Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985
- Introduced Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) policies
- Aimed to reform economy, democratize politics, and catch up with the West
The Final Collapse (1991)
- Communist hardliners attempted coup against Gorbachev in August 1991
- Boris Yeltsin emerged as hero by opposing the coup
- People had tasted freedom and rejected return to old-style Communist rule
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
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