Plant Kingdom

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The Five Kingdom classification system was proposed by Whittaker in 1969. It divides living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. This system is based on cell s…

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Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, and largely aquatic organisms. They are found in freshwater, marine environments, moist stones, soils, and wood. They reproduce vegetative…

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1. Isogamous: Fusion of two similar-sized gametes (e.g., Ulothrix, Spirogyra) 2. Anisogamous: Fusion of two dissimilar-sized gametes (e.g., Eudorina) 3. Oogamous: Fusion of large, non-motile female ga…

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Chlorophyceae (Green algae): Chlorophyll a, b; store starch; cellulose cell wall; 2-8 equal apical flagella Phaeophyceae (Brown algae): Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin; store mannitol/laminarin; cellulo…

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Bryophytes are called 'amphibians of the plant kingdom' because they can live on land (in soil) but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. Like amphibians that live both on land and in water,…

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Male sex organ: Antheridium - multicellular, produces biflagellate antherozoids (male gametes) Female sex organ: Archegonium - flask-shaped, multicellular, produces a single egg Antherozoids swim thro…

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In bryophytes, the dominant phase is the haploid gametophyte that produces gametes. After fertilization, the diploid sporophyte develops (attached to and dependent on gametophyte). Sporophyte undergoe…

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Liverworts: Thalloid, dorsiventral body; closely appressed to substrate; reproduce by gemmae (asexual buds) in gemma cups; simple sporophyte Mosses: Two-stage life cycle (protonema and leafy stage); u…