Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Himachal Pradesh Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
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Get startedWhat is the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones? Draw its structure and explain its hybridization.
Answer
The functional group is the carbonyl group (>C=O). The carbonyl carbon is sp2 hybridized, forming three sigma bonds and one pi bond with oxygen. The carbon and three attached atoms lie in the same pla…
Write the IUPAC names for: (a) CH₃CH₂CHO (b) CH₃COCH₃ (c) (CH₃)₂CHCHO
Answer
(a) Propanal (b) Propanone (c) 2-Methylpropanal. In IUPAC naming, aldehydes end with '-al' and ketones with '-one'. For aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is always numbered 1.
What is the Rosenmund reduction? Write the reaction and state its use.
Answer
Rosenmund reduction is the reduction of acyl chlorides to aldehydes using hydrogen gas in the presence of palladium catalyst on barium sulfate. Reaction: RCOCl + H₂ → RCHO + HCl. It's used specificall…
Explain why aldehydes are more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Answer
Aldehydes are more reactive due to: (1) Steric factors - only one alkyl group hinders nucleophile approach compared to two in ketones, (2) Electronic factors - one alkyl group provides less electron d…
What is Tollens' test? Write the reaction and state what positive result indicates.
Answer
Tollens' test uses ammoniacal silver nitrate solution to test for aldehydes. Reaction: RCHO + 2[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ + 3OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + 2Ag + 4NH₃ + 2H₂O. Positive result: Silver mirror formation indicates presen…
What is the Cannizzaro reaction? Give an example and state the condition required.
Answer
Cannizzaro reaction is the disproportionation of aldehydes having no α-hydrogen in concentrated alkali. One molecule is oxidized to carboxylate salt, another reduced to alcohol. Example: 2HCHO + NaOH …
Define carboxylic acids and write the general structure of the carboxyl group.
Answer
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). General structure: R-…
Why are carboxylic acids more acidic than alcohols and phenols? Explain with resonance structures.
Answer
Carboxylic acids are more acidic because their conjugate base (carboxylate ion) is stabilized by resonance between two equivalent structures with negative charge on electronegative oxygen atoms. This …
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