Understanding Ecosystems and Ecological Relationships
ICSE · Class 11 · Environmental Science
All formulas from Understanding Ecosystems and Ecological Relationships in ICSE Class 11 Environmental Science. Key equations, constants, and identities for board exam preparation.
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Formulas
Energy Flow and 10% Law
Energy transferred to next trophic level ≈ 10% of energy at current trophic level
1,000 J (producers) → 100 J (primary consumers) → 10 J (secondary consumers)
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