Evolution of Transport

America

Step 1: Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492 across the Atlantic Ocean. Step 2: His goal was to find a sea route to India. Step 3: Instead of reaching India, he landed in America. Step 4: Because of this, he is called 'the man who discovered America'. Step 5: Africa was reached by Bartholomew Diaz, not Columbus. So the correct answer is America.

Bartholomew Diaz

Step 1: The chapter lists famous voyages in order. Step 2: In 1488, a Portuguese explorer reached the southern tip of Africa. Step 3: He named it 'Cape of Storms' and it was later renamed 'Cape of Good Hope'. Step 4: That explorer was Bartholomew Diaz. Step 5: Vasco da Gama went to India in 1497–1498, and Magellan sailed around the world between 1519 and 1521. So Bartholomew Diaz is correct.

Calicut (Kozhikode)

Step 1: Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who set sail in 1497. Step 2: He took the same route as Bartholomew Diaz, going around the Cape of Good Hope. Step 3: After crossing the Cape, he sailed further and reached India in 1498. Step 4: The chapter clearly states he reached Calicut, now called Kozhikode. Step 5: Mumbai, Chennai, and Goa are not mentioned as his destination. So the correct answer is Calicut (Kozhikode).

Golden Quadrilateral

Step 1: The chapter talks about India's road network connecting major cities. Step 2: It mentions a special highway system that links four metropolitan cities. Step 3: These cities are Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, and Kolkata. Step 4: This highway system is called the Golden Quadrilateral. Step 5: The Grand Trunk Road connects India with Pakistan and Afghanistan — it is a different road. So Golden Quadrilateral is correct.