Excretory Products and their Elimination
Jharkhand Board · Class 11 · Biology
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What are the three major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals? List them in order from most toxic to least toxic.
Answer
The three major forms of nitrogenous wastes are: 1. Ammonia (most toxic) - requires large amounts of water for elimination 2. Urea (moderately toxic) - requires moderate amounts of water 3. Uric acid …
Define Ammonotelism and give examples of ammonotelic animals.
Answer
Ammonotelism is the process of excreting ammonia as the primary nitrogenous waste. Ammonotelic animals include: - Many bony fishes - Aquatic amphibians - Aquatic insects These animals can afford to …
What is the functional unit of the kidney? Describe its two main parts.
Answer
The functional unit of the kidney is the NEPHRON. The two main parts of a nephron are: 1. **Glomerulus** - A tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole where blood filtration occurs 2. **Re…
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)? What is the normal GFR value in a healthy individual?
Answer
**Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)** is the amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute. **Normal GFR values:** - 125 ml/minute - 180 litres per day This means approximately 1100-1200 ml of …
List the components of the human excretory system and state the location of kidneys in the human body.
Answer
**Components of Human Excretory System:** 1. A pair of kidneys 2. One pair of ureters 3. A urinary bladder 4. A urethra **Location of Kidneys:** - Situated between the levels of last thoracic and thi…
What are the three main processes involved in urine formation? Briefly describe each.
Answer
The three main processes in urine formation are: 1. **Glomerular Filtration:** - Non-selective filtration of blood in glomerulus - Forms filtrate containing all plasma components except protein…
What are the different types of excretory structures found in invertebrates? Give examples for each.
Answer
**Excretory structures in invertebrates:** 1. **Protonephridia (Flame cells):** - Found in: Platyhelminthes (Planaria), rotifers, some annelids, Amphioxus - Function: Osmoregulation, ionic and …
Define Malpighian body (renal corpuscle) and explain its components.
Answer
**Malpighian body (Renal corpuscle)** is the filtering unit of the nephron. **Components:** 1. **Glomerulus** - A tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole 2. **Bowman's capsule** - A double-w…
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