Poverty as a Challenge

Nutrition, School attendance, Electricity, Bank account

The National Multidimensional Poverty Index uses 12 indicators across health (nutrition, child mortality, maternal health), education (years of schooling, school attendance), and standard of living (cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, housing, electricity, assets, bank account). Car ownership and mobile phone are not part of these 12 indicators.

True

Social exclusion is indeed a concept where poverty is seen as poor people having to live only in poor surroundings with other poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better-off people. It can be both a cause and consequence of poverty.

Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Rural agricultural labourers, Urban casual labourers

The most vulnerable groups to poverty are Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe households among social groups, and rural agricultural-labour households and urban casual-labour households among economic groups. Urban business owners are not vulnerable to poverty.

True

One historical reason for widespread poverty in India was the low level of economic development under British colonial administration. Colonial policies ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries like textiles, contributing to poverty.