Biotechnology : Principles and Processes

Genetic engineering, Bioprocess engineering

The two core techniques that enabled modern biotechnology are genetic engineering (altering DNA and RNA chemistry) and bioprocess engineering (maintaining sterile conditions for desired organism growth).

False

False. While restriction enzymes were first discovered in 1963, HindII was isolated and characterized five years later. The first restriction endonuclease HindII was isolated in 1968.

Read the same in both directions, Recognized by restriction enzymes, Create sticky ends when cut

Palindromic sequences read the same on both strands in the same direction (5' to 3'), are recognized by restriction enzymes, and when cut, create sticky ends that facilitate ligation.

Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on their size. Smaller fragments move farther through the gel matrix under an electric field due to the sieving effect.