Magnetism

They form closed loops, They never intersect each other, They originate from north pole and end at south pole, Their density indicates field strength

Magnetic lines of force form closed loops, never intersect, originate from N-pole and end at S-pole, and their density indicates field strength. They cannot exist in isolation as magnetic monopoles don't exist.

0°

At the magnetic equator, the Earth's magnetic field is horizontal, so the angle of dip (inclination with horizontal) is 0°. The vertical component is zero at the magnetic equator.

Zero

Gauss' law for magnetism states that ∮B⃗·dS⃗ = 0. This is because magnetic monopoles do not exist, so magnetic field lines always form closed loops. The number of lines entering any closed surface equals the number leaving.

2:1

For a bar magnet at distance r: Bₐₓᵢₛ = (μ₀/4π) × (2m/r³) and Bₑq = (μ₀/4π) × (m/r³). Therefore, Bₐₓᵢₛ : Bₑq = 2m : m = 2:1