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The crisis of democratic order

Nagaland Board · Class 12 · Political Science

Quick revision notes for The crisis of democratic order — Nagaland Board Class 12 Political Science. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

45 questions22 flashcards5 concepts

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An infographic illustrating the key political developments and tensions in India from 1967, including Indira Gandhi's rise, bitter party competition, and judiciary-government conflicts.
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Key Topics to Revise

1

Background to the Crisis (1973-1975)

  • Economic crisis: Bangladesh refugee crisis (8 million refugees), Indo-Pakistan war (1971), US aid stoppage
  • Severe inflation: 23% in 1973, 30% in 1974 due to oil price increases
  • Agricultural crisis: Monsoon failure (1972-73), 8% decline in food grain output
2

Student Movements and Popular Protests

  • Gujarat Movement (January 1974): Started against price rise, corruption; led to President's rule and Congress defeat in June 1975 elections
  • Bihar Movement (March 1974): Led by Jayaprakash Narayan (JP), demanded 'Total Revolution' and dismissal of Bihar government
  • JP's conditions for leadership: non-violent movement with national appeal
3

Judiciary-Executive Conflict

  • Three main constitutional conflicts: Parliamentary power to abridge Fundamental Rights, curtail right to property, and implementation of Directive Principles
  • Keshavananda Bharati Case (1973): Supreme Court established 'Basic Structure' doctrine
  • Supersession of judges (1973): Government bypassed seniority, appointed A.N. Ray as Chief Justice
4

Declaration and Implementation of Emergency

  • Emergency declared on June 25, 1975 under Article 352 (internal disturbances)
  • JP's call for satyagraha and appeal to army/police not to obey 'illegal orders'
  • Massive demonstration at Ramlila grounds (June 25, 1975)

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

India faced severe economic challenges includingStudentA series of constitutional battles betweenJP's leadership of the Bihar movementDeclaration of internal emergency on June

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Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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