Human Development
Rajasthan Board · Class 11 · Psychology
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What is development and how does it differ from growth?
Answer
Development is the pattern of progressive, orderly, and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life. It includes both growth and decline. Growth refers only to an increas…
Name and explain the three processes that influence human development.
Answer
1. Biological processes: Changes due to genes inherited from parents (height, weight, brain development) 2. Cognitive processes: Mental activities related to knowing and experiencing (thought, percept…
What are the key assumptions of the Life-Span Perspective (LSP)?
Answer
1. Development is lifelong (conception to death) 2. Includes both gains and losses that interact dynamically 3. Biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes are interwoven 4. Development is mu…
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype with examples.
Answer
Genotype: The actual genetic material or person's genetic heritage (what is inherited). Example: Genes for height, intelligence, eye color. Phenotype: The way genotype is expressed in observable and …
Explain Bronfenbrenner's five environmental systems with examples.
Answer
1. Microsystem: Immediate environment (family, peers, teachers, neighborhood) 2. Mesosystem: Relations between microsystems (how parents relate to teachers) 3. Exosystem: Settings child doesn't partic…
What are teratogens? Give examples and their effects.
Answer
Teratogens are environmental agents that cause deviations in normal prenatal development, leading to abnormalities or death. Examples: - Drugs (marijuana, heroin, cocaine) - Alcohol and tobacco - Inf…
What are reflexes in newborns? Name four major reflexes and their developmental course.
Answer
Reflexes are automatic, built-in responses to stimuli that are genetically-carried survival mechanisms. 1. Rooting: Turning head when cheek touched (disappears 3-6 months) 2. Moro: Throwing arms outw…
Describe Piaget's four stages of cognitive development with age ranges.
Answer
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Experiences world through senses and motor actions; develops object permanence 2. Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thought develops; shows egocentrism and centration 3…
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