Societal Impact — NCERT Solutions

(a) Copyrights and Patents:

(b) Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement:

(c) Non-ethical Hacking and Ethical Hacking:

(d) Active and Passive Digital Footprints:

(e) Free Software and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS):

Note: In practice, most free software is also open source, and the terms are often used interchangeably, but there are philosophical differences as noted above.

Steps to credit sources when using text from a web article:

When using a short text (quotation or paraphrase) from a web article, the following steps must be taken to properly credit the source:

1. Identify the original source: Note the full URL of the webpage, the title of the article, the name of the author (if available), and the date of publication.

2. Use quotation marks (for direct quotes): If you are copying the text word-for-word, enclose it in quotation marks to indicate it is a direct quote.

3. Cite the source inline: Immediately after the quoted or paraphrased text, add an in-text citation mentioning the author's name and year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2020).

4. Add a reference/bibliography entry: At the end of your document, include a full reference for the source. A standard web citation includes:

• Author's name
• Title of the article
• Name of the website
• URL (web address)
• Date of access

Example: Smith, J. (2020). Digital India Initiatives. TechWorld. Retrieved from https://www.techworld.com/digital-india on 15 October 2023.

5. Check the website's copyright/licensing terms: Ensure the content is not restricted and that short quotations are permitted under fair use or the site's terms.

6. Do not misrepresent the source: Ensure the quoted text is not taken out of context and accurately represents the original author's meaning.

Conclusion: Proper citation gives credit to the original author, avoids plagiarism, and maintains academic integrity.

Finding pictures in the free public domain:

1. Use search engine filters:

• In Google Images, click on 'Tools' → 'Usage Rights' → select 'Creative Commons licences' or 'Commercial & other licences' to filter images that are free to use.
• In Bing Images, use the 'Licence' filter to find free-to-use images.

2. Use dedicated free image websites:

• Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) — large collection of freely usable media.
• Pixabay (pixabay.com) — free images and videos.
• Unsplash (unsplash.com) — high-quality free images.
• Pexels (pexels.com) — free stock photos.
• Flickr — search with Creative Commons filter.

3. Look for Creative Commons (CC) licences:

• Images with a CC0 (Public Domain) licence can be used freely without any attribution.
• Images with CC BY licence can be used freely with attribution to the original creator.

How to use these pictures without copyright violations:

1. Check the specific licence of each image before using it (CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA, etc.) and comply with its terms.
2. Give proper attribution — mention the creator's name, the source website, and the licence type when required.
3. Do not modify images that have a 'No Derivatives' (ND) clause in their licence.
4. Do not use commercially images that have a 'Non-Commercial' (NC) clause if your project is for commercial purposes.
5. Keep a record of the source URL and licence details for each image used.

Conclusion: Always verify the licence of an image before using it. Public domain and Creative Commons licensed images can be used legally in projects, provided you follow the specific terms of the licence (especially attribution requirements).

Why it is important to secure your wireless router at home:

1. Prevent unauthorised access: An unsecured WiFi router can be accessed by anyone within range, allowing strangers to use your Internet connection without your knowledge.
2. Protect personal data: Hackers connected to your network can intercept data transmitted over the network, including passwords, banking information, and personal files.
3. Prevent misuse: Unauthorised users could use your network for illegal activities (downloading pirated content, cyber crimes), and you could be held responsible.
4. Maintain network speed: Unauthorised users consuming your bandwidth will slow down your Internet connection.
5. Prevent malware spread: An attacker on your network could introduce malware or viruses to your connected devices.

Rules to create a reasonably secure password:

1. Use a minimum of 8–12 characters (longer is better).
2. Include a mix of uppercase letters (A–Z), lowercase letters (a–z), numbers (0–9), and special characters (!, @, #, $, %, etc.).
3. Do not use easily guessable information like your name, date of birth, phone number, or common words.
4. Do not use the same password for multiple accounts.
5. Avoid sequential patterns like '12345' or 'abcde'.
6. Change your password periodically.

Example of an imaginary secure password for a home router:
$\text{Tr@v3l\2024\#Home}$$
(This uses uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special characters — making it strong and hard to guess.)

Sharing the router password:

(a) Parents — YES
Parents are trusted family members who live in the same house and need to use the home Internet. Sharing the password with parents is safe and necessary.

(b) Friends — NO (generally)
Friends visit occasionally and sharing the WiFi password with them is not advisable. Once shared, they may share it further with others, leading to unauthorised access. If needed, you can create a guest network with limited access for friends.

(c) Neighbours — NO
Neighbours should not be given the home router password. They could misuse the network, consume bandwidth, or gain access to shared files and devices on your home network. This is a significant security risk.

(d) Home Tutors — NO (generally)
Home tutors are not permanent members of the household. Sharing the router password with them is not advisable as they may misuse it or share it with others. If Internet access is needed for teaching purposes, a guest network or mobile hotspot can be provided temporarily.

Conclusion: The home router password should only be shared with trusted permanent household members (like parents). For others, alternative arrangements like a guest network should be used.

(a) Steps to keep your computer in good working condition for a longer time:

1. Install and update antivirus software regularly to protect against viruses and malware.
2. Keep the operating system and software updated to get security patches and performance improvements.
3. Regularly clean up the hard disk — delete unnecessary files, empty the recycle bin, and use disk cleanup tools.
4. Defragment the hard disk periodically (for HDD-based systems) to improve performance.
5. Avoid installing unnecessary or pirated software that may contain malware.
6. Use a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) to protect against sudden power cuts that can damage hardware and corrupt data.
7. Keep the computer physically clean — dust the keyboard, monitor, and CPU cabinet regularly to prevent overheating.
8. Ensure proper ventilation around the computer to prevent overheating.
9. Take regular backups of important data to prevent data loss.
10. Shut down the computer properly — avoid forceful shutdowns.
11. Use a surge protector to protect against voltage fluctuations.
12. Do not eat or drink near the computer to avoid spills and damage.

(b) Steps for smart and safe Internet surfing:

1. Use strong, unique passwords for all online accounts and change them regularly.
2. Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever available for added security.
3. Look for HTTPS in the URL before entering any personal or financial information on a website.
4. Do not click on suspicious links in emails, messages, or pop-ups (to avoid phishing attacks).
5. Keep your browser updated and use reputable browsers.
6. Use a reliable antivirus and firewall to protect against online threats.
7. Avoid using public WiFi for sensitive transactions like banking. If necessary, use a VPN.
8. Do not share personal information (address, phone number, financial details) on unknown websites.
9. Be cautious about what you download — only download from trusted sources.
10. Log out from accounts after use, especially on shared computers.
11. Check privacy settings on social media and limit who can see your information.
12. Be aware of fake news and misinformation — verify information before sharing.
13. Respect others' privacy and follow net-etiquettes while communicating online.

Data Privacy:

Data privacy (also called information privacy) refers to the right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected, stored, used, and shared by organisations, websites, and other entities. It involves ensuring that personal data is handled responsibly, kept confidential, and used only for the purposes for which it was collected, with the individual's knowledge and consent.

Data privacy is important because misuse of personal data can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, targeted manipulation, and violation of an individual's rights.

Types of information websites collect about you:

When you visit websites, they may collect the following types of information:

1. Personal Identification Information:

• Name, email address, phone number, date of birth (when you fill in forms or register).

2. Login Credentials:

• Username and password (when you create an account).

3. Financial Information:

• Credit/debit card numbers, bank account details (when you make online purchases).

4. Location Data:

• Your geographical location (city, country) based on your IP address or GPS data.

5. Browsing Behaviour:

• Pages visited, time spent on each page, links clicked, search queries — tracked via cookies and web analytics tools.

6. Device Information:

• Type of device (mobile/desktop), operating system, browser type and version, screen resolution.

7. IP Address:

• Your Internet Protocol address, which can reveal your approximate location and Internet Service Provider.

8. Cookies and Tracking Data:

• Websites place cookies on your browser to track your preferences, login status, and browsing history for personalised advertising.

9. Social Media Data:

• If you log in to a website using your social media account (e.g., 'Login with Google/Facebook'), the website may access your social media profile information.

Conclusion: Websites collect a wide range of data — from basic identification to detailed behavioural data. Users should be aware of privacy policies and use privacy settings to limit data collection wherever possible.

Difference between technologies used by Sunil and Jagdish:

Key Difference:
Sunil uses a combination of proprietary/cloud-based tools (Google Chrome + Google Docs), while Jagdish uses Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) tools (Mozilla Firefox + LibreOffice Writer). Jagdish's tools give more freedom in terms of access to source code, modification, and offline use, while Sunil's tools offer cloud convenience but with less user control over data and software.

(a) Identity Theft:

Example:
Suppose you receive an email from an unknown sender saying that your bank account has been suspended and you need to verify your details. You click on the link in the email (which leads to a fake website that looks exactly like your bank's website) and enter your name, account number, and password. A few days later, you discover that someone has been making transactions from your bank account using your credentials. You are a victim of identity theft — your personal and financial identity was stolen and used by someone else without your knowledge.

Another example: Someone creates a fake social media profile using your name, photograph, and personal details and uses it to interact with your friends or carry out fraudulent activities.

Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008):

• Section 66C: Deals specifically with identity theft. It states that whoever fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password, or any other unique identification feature of any other person shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years and shall also be liable to a fine up to ₹1 lakh.
• Section 66D: Deals with cheating by personation using computer resources — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.

(b) Credit Card Account Theft:

Example:
You receive a phone call from someone claiming to be a bank representative. They tell you that your credit card has been blocked due to suspicious activity and ask you to verify your card number, CVV, and OTP to unblock it. Trusting the caller, you share the details. Shortly after, you receive SMS alerts showing multiple unauthorised transactions made using your credit card. You are a victim of credit card account theft (also known as credit card fraud).

Another example: While shopping at a store, a dishonest employee uses a skimming device to copy your credit card information. Later, a duplicate card is made and used for fraudulent purchases.

Provisions in IT Act 2000 (amended 2008):

• Section 66C: Fraudulent use of another person's password or unique identification (including credit card details) — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
• Section 66D: Cheating by personation using computer resources (e.g., impersonating a bank to steal card details) — punishment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh.
• Section 43: If someone accesses your computer/account without permission to steal financial data — they are liable to pay compensation to the affected person.
• Additionally, credit card fraud is also covered under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 419 and 420 (cheating and fraud).

(Note: The actual email snapshot/image is not visible in the OCR. The solution is based on standard email etiquette principles and the context of the question.)

Email Etiquettes Analysis:

Based on the context (a student emailing a project to a teacher), the following etiquettes may be missing:

(a) Subject of the mail:
The subject line should clearly indicate the purpose of the email, e.g., 'Submission of Computer Science Project — Neerja, Class XI'. If the subject line is absent or vague (e.g., just 'Hi' or blank), it is a missing etiquette. A clear subject is essential so the teacher immediately knows the purpose of the email.

(b) Formal greeting:
Since the email is addressed to a teacher, it must begin with a formal greeting such as 'Respected Ma'am/Sir' or 'Dear Ms./Mr. [Teacher's Name]'. If the email begins abruptly without any greeting, this etiquette is missing. A formal greeting shows respect and professionalism.

(c) Self-explanatory terms:
The body of the email should be clear and self-explanatory. It should mention what is being sent (the project), the subject/topic of the project, and any other relevant details. If the email body is vague or uses unclear language, this etiquette is missing.

(d) Identity of the sender:
Neerja must clearly identify herself in the email — mentioning her full name, class, section, and roll number. If the email does not mention who the sender is (beyond just the email address), this etiquette is missing. The teacher needs to know which student sent the project.

(e) Regards:
The email should end with a formal closing such as 'Yours sincerely', 'Regards', or 'Thanking you', followed by Neerja's name. If the email ends abruptly without any closing remark, this etiquette is missing. A proper closing shows courtesy and professionalism.

Conclusion:
A well-written email from Neerja to her teacher should include all five elements: a clear subject line, a formal greeting, a self-explanatory body, the sender's identity, and a formal closing with regards. Any of these missing from the email would be a violation of email etiquette.

Health hazards associated with inappropriate and excessive use of a laptop — Points for Sumit's father to discuss:

1. Eye Strain and Vision Problems (Computer Vision Syndrome):

• Staring at the laptop screen for long periods causes eye strain, dry eyes, watery eyes, blurred vision, and headaches.
• The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt sleep patterns.
• Advice: Follow the 20-20-20 rule — every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Maintain proper viewing distance (about 50–70 cm from the screen).

2. Poor Posture and Back/Neck Pain:

• Using a laptop while slouching or in an improper position leads to back pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain.
• Laptops, unlike desktops, are not ergonomically ideal as the screen and keyboard are close together.
• Advice: Use an ergonomic chair, keep the screen at eye level, and maintain a straight posture.

3. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) / Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:

• Excessive typing and use of the touchpad can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrists, fingers, and hands.
• Advice: Take regular breaks, use an external keyboard and mouse if using the laptop for long hours.

4. Obesity and Physical Inactivity:

• Spending too much time on the laptop leads to a sedentary lifestyle, reducing physical activity.
• This can lead to weight gain, obesity, and related health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
• Advice: Balance laptop use with regular physical exercise and outdoor activities.

5. Sleep Disorders:

• Using the laptop late at night, especially in bed, disrupts the sleep cycle due to blue light exposure and mental stimulation.
• This leads to insomnia, fatigue, and reduced concentration.
• Advice: Avoid using the laptop at least 1 hour before bedtime. Use 'night mode' or blue light filters in the evening.

6. Psychological and Mental Health Issues:

• Excessive use of social media and online gaming can lead to addiction, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
• Exposure to cyberbullying, inappropriate content, or online harassment can cause psychological distress.
• Advice: Set time limits for recreational laptop use. Maintain a healthy balance between online and offline social interactions.

7. Hearing Problems:

• Using headphones at high volume for extended periods while watching videos or listening to music can cause hearing loss.
• Advice: Keep the volume at a safe level (below 60% of maximum) and take breaks from headphone use.

8. Headaches:

• Prolonged screen time, eye strain, and poor posture all contribute to frequent headaches.
• Advice: Take regular breaks, adjust screen brightness, and ensure proper lighting in the room.

9. Skin and Heat Issues:

• Placing the laptop directly on the lap can cause skin discolouration and burns due to heat generated by the device.
• Advice: Always use the laptop on a flat, hard surface or use a laptop stand/cooling pad.

10. Social and Academic Impact:

• Excessive use of the laptop for entertainment (gaming, social media) can negatively impact studies, reduce concentration, and affect academic performance.
• Advice: Set a schedule for laptop use — prioritise studies and limit entertainment time.

General Advice for Sumit:

• Follow ergonomic guidelines for laptop use.
• Take a break of at least 5–10 minutes every hour.
• Maintain a healthy balance between screen time and physical activities, hobbies, and face-to-face social interactions.
• Keep the laptop away during meal times and before sleep.