Journey from Primitive Man to settled Life

Rise in temperature caused vegetation, grasslands, and grains like wheat and barley to grow

Step 1: Around 12,000 years ago, there was a widespread atmospheric change across the world. Step 2: The change was an increase in temperature, not cooling or rainfall. Step 3: This rise in temperature caused vegetation, grass fields, and crops like wheat and barley to grow in many areas. Step 4: As a result, herbivores like deer, sheep, and goat increased in number, and primitive man came in contact with grains. Step 5: People then began collecting these grains using stones and gradually started growing them near riverbanks — the beginning of agriculture. Option A (flooding), C (cooling), and

Burjhom and Gufkral, Kashmir

Step 1: The chapter provides a table of different archaeological sites in India with specific items found at each. Step 2: Koldihava (UP) had rice and animal bones. Langhnaj (Gujarat) had human settlements and rhino evidence. Chirand (Bihar) had buffalo, bull, and implements. Step 3: Burjhom and Gufkral in Kashmir specifically had wheat, lentils, dogs, and pit-houses according to the table. Step 4: Pit-houses are a unique type of dwelling dug into the ground — they are specifically associated with Burjhom and Gufkral. Step 5: This is a detail-oriented question requiring careful reading of the

Dog

Step 1: When primitive man transitioned from nomadic to settled life, he started associating with certain animals. Step 2: The chapter clearly states that the first companion or friend of his settled life was a dog. Step 3: After the dog, he became familiar with sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, and pig. Step 4: Cows and goats were also domesticated but they came later, after the dog was already his companion. Step 5: This question tests careful reading — even though all options are domesticated animals, only the dog was the FIRST companion. The correct answer is dog.

Stone — including spade, chisel, and sickle

Step 1: During settled life, primitive man needed tools for farming in addition to hunting. Step 2: The chapter clearly states that he made farming implements of stone. Step 3: The specific stone farming tools mentioned are: spade (for digging), chisel (for cutting), and sickle (for harvesting). Step 4: Iron and copper came much later in human history — they were not available during this early settled life period. Step 5: Wood and thatch were used for building houses, not farming tools. Bones were used for some weapons but not specifically listed as farming tools. The correct answer is stone