Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond
Himachal Pradesh Board · Class 12 · History
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See them allWhat does 'satyagraha' mean and where was it first developed by Gandhi?
Answer
Satyagraha means 'truth force' or 'holding onto truth'. It is a technique of non-violent protest first developed by Gandhi in South Africa (1893-1915). It involves passive resistance to injustice thro…
What were Gandhi's first three major campaigns in India (1917-1918) and what did they establish?
Answer
1. Champaran (1917) - fought for peasants against British indigo planters 2. Ahmedabad (1918) - supported textile mill workers for better conditions 3. Kheda (1918) - helped peasants seek tax remissio…
What was the Rowlatt Act and how did Gandhi respond to it in 1919?
Answer
The Rowlatt Act (1919) continued wartime measures of press censorship and detention without trial even after World War I ended. Gandhi called for a countrywide campaign against it - the Rowlatt Satyag…
What was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and when did it occur?
Answer
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab. British Brigadier Reginald Dyer ordered troops to open fire on a peaceful nationalist meeting in an enclosed garden. Over…
What was the Non-Cooperation Movement and what were its main features?
Answer
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) called for Indians to: - Stop attending British schools, colleges, and law courts - Not pay taxes - Boycott British goods - Renounce all voluntary association wi…
What was the Khilafat Movement and why did Gandhi support it?
Answer
The Khilafat Movement (1919-20) was led by Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. It demanded: - Turkish Sultan retain control over Muslim sacred places - Jazirat-ul-Arab remain under Muslim sov…
Why did Gandhi call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?
Answer
Gandhi called off the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, where peasants attacked and burned a police station in UP, killing several constables. Gandhi believed that violence c…
What was the significance of the charkha (spinning wheel) in Gandhi's ideology?
Answer
The charkha symbolized: - Self-reliance and swadeshi (indigenous production) - Dignity of manual labor and breaking caste barriers - Opposition to modern machinery that displaced workers - Economic in…
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