Indian Constitution

Provisions affecting the federal set-up of the Constitution

The amendment procedure of the Indian Constitution has three levels. Most provisions can be amended by simple majority in Parliament. Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and important provisions require a special majority (absolute majority of the whole House + two-thirds of members present and voting). But provisions that affect the FEDERAL STRUCTURE require the highest level: special majority in Parliament PLUS ratification by legislatures of at least half of the States. This makes the Constitution 'partly rigid' specifically for federal provisions. Options A, B, and D do not require S

System of Judicial Review — American Constitution

The Indian Constitution's framers borrowed from many sources: Parliamentary System came from the BRITISH Constitution (not Irish). Directive Principles of State Policy were borrowed from the IRISH Constitution (not American). The Concurrent List was inspired by the AUSTRALIAN Constitution (not Canadian). The Judicial Review system was indeed borrowed from the AMERICAN Constitution — this is the only correctly matched pair. The phrase 'procedure established by law' came from the Japanese Constitution. This shows the uniqueness of India's Constitution as a 'splendid mixture.'

A person is only a citizen of India, and can contest elections or hold government posts in any State

India follows Single Citizenship, meaning a person is a citizen of INDIA only — not of any specific State. This is unlike countries like the USA or Switzerland that provide dual citizenship (national + state level). Because of single citizenship, a person can contest elections for Rajya Sabha or Lok Sabha from any State, or hold a government post anywhere in India. Option A is wrong because India does NOT follow the American dual citizenship model. Option C confuses citizenship with nativity. Option D is wrong — Jammu-Kashmir had a SPECIAL STATUS under Article 370, which gave it separate citiz

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru called Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution the 'conscience of the Constitution.' Part III contains Article 32, which is the constitutional remedy — it allows citizens to move the Supreme Court directly if their Fundamental Rights are violated. Dr. Ambedkar is known for his contributions as Chairman of the Drafting Committee and for calling Directive Principles the 'charter of social and economic democracy.' K.M. Munshi called the Preamble the 'political horoscope of India.' Pandit Thakurdas Bhargava called the Preamble 'the soul of the Constitution