Applications of Psychology

Counselling is a helping approach exploring what emotional and intellectual experiences led to the problem, while psychotherapy encourages recollection of earlier experiences and makes the client conscious of previously unaware experiences.

Step 1: The chapter's Note section directly explains the difference between these two terms. Step 2: Counselling is described as more of a 'helping approach'. It mainly explores what particular emotional and intellectual experiences have led to the specific problem for which help has been sought. Step 3: Psychotherapy, on the other hand, goes deeper. It encourages the client to recollect their earlier experiences and explores how those experiences affect their current problem. A psychotherapist also helps the client become conscious of experiences they were previously unaware of. Step 4: Optio

Work performance improved simply because workers received attention from the team of experimenters, not because of changes in illumination.

Step 1: The Hawthorne Effect is described in a Fact File under Organisational Psychology in the chapter. Step 2: The original experiment at the Western Electric's Hawthorne Works was designed to study how work performance is influenced by increases or decreases in illumination levels in the workplace. Step 3: However, the surprising and accidental discovery was that work performance improved not because of illumination changes, but simply because the workers were receiving attention from the team of experimenters. Step 4: This phenomenon – where people improve their behaviour or performance be

Motivation arising from internal factors within the person, such as the desire to succeed and personal satisfaction.

Step 1: The chapter discusses motivation as a key concept in organisational psychology. Step 2: It classifies motivation into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic. Step 3: Intrinsic motivation arises due to internal factors within the person – for example, the desire to succeed, personal satisfaction, or love for the work itself. Step 4: Extrinsic motivation, in contrast, arises due to external factors like monetary rewards, bonuses, or praise. Step 5: Option A describes extrinsic motivation, not intrinsic. Options C and D describe specific situational triggers (threats and peer pressure), not t

Personality tests, intelligence/interest/aptitude tests, and special ability tests.

Step 1: Career counselling involves psychological testing as one of its most effective techniques. Step 2: The chapter explicitly lists three types of tests used by career counsellors: (i) Personality tests, which include projective tests and paper-pencil tests. (ii) Intelligence, interest, and aptitude tests, which measure cognitive abilities and individual interests. (iii) Special ability tests, which identify special talents in fields such as music, sports, etc. Step 3: These tests help match the individual's traits with the requirements of a specific job or career. Step 4: Option A lists n