Melidora

She scurried 'like a frightened hen,' suggesting she was confused and overwhelmed by the bustle

Step 1: The text says she 'scurried here and there among the horses and people like a frightened hen.' Step 2: A simile is a comparison using 'like' or 'as.' Here, the old woman is compared to a frightened hen. Step 3: A frightened hen moves quickly in short, nervous steps without direction — this perfectly captures her confusion. Step 4: The courtyard was full of horses, servants, and people making ready — very overwhelming for a simple old woman. Step 5: The simile makes the scene vivid and sympathetic, helping us understand her vulnerability before her fall.

To make the reader feel the value of the cake and thus understand the old woman's grief when it breaks

Step 1: When a writer describes something in great detail, it is usually to make the reader care about it. Step 2: The cake has a sugar heart and sugar roses — it was clearly made with love and effort. Step 3: By making us appreciate the cake's beauty, the author makes its destruction (in fragments, in the mud) feel more painful. Step 4: This helps the reader empathise with the old woman's anger and grief. Step 5: It also makes Mellidora's act of trying to put it back together even more touching and meaningful.

The prince realised Mellidora had fulfilled both halves of his aunt's advice and was certain she was the one

Step 1: The aunt's second condition was 'cries when others laugh.' Step 2: In the courtyard, everybody laughed at the old woman — but Mellidora cried. This is exactly the second condition. Step 3: The detail of 'sunlight on her face' is significant — it symbolises clarity and revelation for the prince. Step 4: Paragraph 23 confirms this: 'Then the prince knew that he had indeed found the one whom he sought.' Step 5: Paragraph 22 is the emotional climax of the story — the moment of confirmation, not just observation.

Gently humorous and mildly sympathetic

Step 1: Tone is the author's attitude towards the subject. Step 2: The word 'sorry spectacle' acknowledges the sad situation, showing some sympathy. Step 3: However, describing 'pretty frocks all muddy' and 'pretty hats all on one side' creates a slightly comic image — we can picture it. Step 4: The repetition of 'pretty' before each ruined item adds gentle irony — the things that made them look good are now part of the funny picture. Step 5: It is not angry or tragic — it is the gentle, lighthearted tone of a fairy tale that acknowledges trouble while keeping the mood light.