Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives
Jharkhand Board · Class 12 · History
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Explore the full setWhat was the Permanent Settlement of 1793 and what were its main features?
Answer
The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793. Key features: (1) Revenue demand was fixed permanently with zamindars (2) Zamindars became revenue collectors for the stat…
Why did many zamindars fail to pay revenue under the Permanent Settlement?
Answer
Four main reasons: (1) Initial revenue demands were set very high to prevent future losses (2) Agricultural prices were depressed in the 1790s, making it difficult for ryots to pay rent (3) Revenue wa…
What were fictitious sales and how did zamindars use them to retain control?
Answer
Fictitious sales were a strategy used by zamindars to avoid losing their estates. Process: (1) Transfer some property to female relatives (women's property couldn't be seized) (2) Deliberately withhol…
Who were the jotedars and how did they challenge zamindari authority?
Answer
Jotedars were rich peasants, especially powerful in North Bengal. Characteristics: (1) Acquired vast land areas (several thousand acres) (2) Controlled local trade and moneylending (3) Used sharecropp…
What was the Fifth Report and why is it significant for historians?
Answer
The Fifth Report (1813) was submitted to British Parliament, running 1002 pages with 800+ pages of appendices. Contents: petitions from zamindars and ryots, collector reports, statistical tables, admi…
Describe the lifestyle and economy of the Paharias in the Rajmahal hills.
Answer
The Paharias were hill folk with a forest-based economy: (1) Practiced shifting cultivation - cleared forest patches, grew pulses and millets (2) Collected mahua for food, silk cocoons and resin for s…
How did British policies affect the Paharias and what was Augustus Cleveland's approach?
Answer
British impact: (1) Encouraged forest clearance for settled agriculture (2) Associated forests with wildness and tribal people as savage (3) Initially used brutal extermination policy in 1770s. Clevel…
What was the Damin-i-Koh and how did it transform Santhal society?
Answer
Damin-i-Koh was territory demarcated for Santhals in 1832 in Rajmahal foothills. Features: (1) Enclosed with boundary pillars (2) Separated from plains agriculturists and hill Paharias (3) Required 1/…
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