India’s external relations
Jammu & Kashmir Board · Class 12 · Political Science
Complete topic list for India’s external relations in Jammu & Kashmir Board Class 12 Political Science. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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International Context and Constitutional Basis
- India became independent in a difficult global setting: the Second World War had just ended, the world was facing reconstruction, decolonisation was creating new states, and Cold War blocs were dividi
- India’s foreign policy aimed to respect the sovereignty of all nations and to achieve security through peace.
- Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down the State’s duty to promote international peace and security.
Nehru and the Policy of Non-Alignment
- Jawaharlal Nehru was both Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, and he influenced foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.
- He was a co-founder of the Non-Aligned Movement.
- Nehru’s three major foreign policy objectives were sovereignty, territorial integrity, and rapid economic development.
Afro-Asian Unity and the Role of Bandung
- India’s national movement was linked with the wider struggle against colonialism and imperialism.
- Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose created the Indian National Army during the Second World War, showing links between India and overseas Indians.
- India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947, before Independence.
India and China: Friendship, Tibet, and Conflict
- India and China began their relationship on a friendly note after the Chinese revolution of 1949.
- For a long time, the Chinese border was guarded by para-military forces, not the army.
- China took over control of Tibet in 1950.
Key Concepts
Central concept: India’s foreign policy after Independence shaped by sovereignty, non-alignment, peace, regional conflicts, and changing world politics
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