Change and Development in Industrial Society

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Alienation is a situation where people do not enjoy their work and see it as something they have to do only to survive. Workers become disconnected from the products they create due to detailed divisi…

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Primary sector (agriculture and mining): 43% of employment; Secondary sector (manufacturing, construction, utilities): 17% of employment; Tertiary sector (trade, transport, financial services): 32% of…

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Organized sector: Units employing 10+ people, registered with government, providing proper salaries, pension, and benefits. Unorganized sector: Smaller units without formal registration or benefits. I…

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Self-employed: Over 52% (plumbers, electricians, teachers giving tuitions, etc.); Regular salaried employment: About 24% (formal jobs with fixed salaries); Casual labor: Approximately 24% (temporary, …

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Liberalization is a policy encouraging private companies, especially foreign firms, to invest in sectors previously reserved for government. Effects include: removal of licensing requirements, easy av…

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Disinvestment is the process of government selling its shares in public sector companies to private entities. Consequences include job losses (60% workers in Modern Foods were forced to retire in firs…

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Outsourcing involves companies reducing permanent employees and contracting work to smaller firms or homes. Impact: keeps costs low for companies, creates poor working conditions, low wages due to com…

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Very few get jobs through advertisements or employment exchanges. Self-employed (plumbers, electricians, tutors) rely on personal contacts and word-of-mouth. Factory workers historically got jobs thro…