Structural Change

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Colonialism is the establishment of rule by one country over another. Unlike pre-capitalist conquerors who simply extracted tribute without interfering with the economic base, British colonialism was …

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Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organized to accumulate profits within a market system. Key characteristics include: dynamism, potential for g…

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A nation-state is a type of state characteristic of the modern world where a government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and people are citizens of a single nation. Nation-states…

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The practice of colonialism contradicted the principle of nationalism and democratic rights. Colonial rule meant foreign rule (like British rule over India), while nationalism implied that people of I…

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Industrialization refers to the emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. In industrial societies, a large majority of the employed popul…

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While British industrialization led to urbanization and manufacturing growth in Britain, the same process led to deindustrialization in some Indian sectors and decline of old urban centers. Traditiona…

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Cities that declined: Surat, Masulipatnam, Thanjavur, Dhaka, and Murshidabad (lost their courts and artisans). Cities that grew: Bombay (Mumbai), Chennai, and Madras became important colonial centers.

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Coastal cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai were prime links between the economic center (Britain) and periphery (colonized India). They were concrete expressions of global capitalism. By 1900, o…