Anatomy of Flowering Plants

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Plant anatomy is the study of the internal structure of plants. The three levels of organization are: 1) Cells - basic unit of life, 2) Tissues - groups of cells with similar functions, 3) Organs - ti…

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1) Epidermal tissue system - outermost protective covering, 2) Ground tissue system - main bulk of plant body, storage and support, 3) Vascular tissue system - transport of water, minerals, and food m…

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The epidermal tissue system consists of: 1) Epidermal cells - elongated, compactly arranged protective cells, 2) Stomata - pores for gas exchange and transpiration, 3) Epidermal appendages - trichomes…

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Stomata are pores in the epidermis composed of two guard cells that regulate transpiration and gas exchange. In most plants, guard cells are bean-shaped, while in grasses they are dumb-bell shaped. Gu…

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The stomatal apparatus includes the stomatal pore, two guard cells, and surrounding subsidiary cells. Subsidiary cells are specialized epidermal cells near guard cells that differ in shape and size fr…

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Root hairs: unicellular extensions of root epidermal cells, absorb water and minerals. Trichomes: usually multicellular hairs on stems/leaves, can be branched/unbranched, soft/stiff, or secretory, hel…

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Ground tissue consists of all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles. It includes simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Found in cortex, pericycle, pith, medullary rays of …

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Mesophyll is the ground tissue in leaves consisting of thin-walled parenchymatous cells containing chloroplasts. It carries out photosynthesis and is the primary site of food production in plants.