Permutations and Combinations
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 11 · Mathematics
Quick revision notes for Permutations and Combinations — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 11 Mathematics. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
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Key Topics to Revise
1. Fundamental Principle of Counting
- If one event can happen in m ways and a second event can happen in n ways, then the two events together can happen in m × n ways.
- The same idea extends to three events: if the first has m ways, the second has n ways, and the third has p ways, then the total is m × n × p.
- This principle is also called the fundamental principle of counting.
2. Factorial Notation
- n! is the product of the first n natural numbers.
- 0! is defined to be 1 by convention.
- Factorial notation makes permutation and combination formulas shorter and easier to use.
3. Permutations of Distinct Objects
- A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of objects taken some or all at a time.
- Order matters in permutations.
- The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time is nPr.
4. Permutations with Repetition or Repeated Objects
- If repetition is allowed, the number of permutations is n^r.
- If some objects are identical, divide by the factorials of repeated groups.
- Words like ROOT, ALLAHABAD, and INSTITUTE illustrate repeated objects.
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