Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics deals with bulk systems

Thermodynamics deals with bulk systems and does not go into the molecular constitution of matter. A thermodynamic state is described by macroscopic va

Two systems in thermal equilibrium

Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This establishes temperature as the vari

Heat is energy in transit due

Heat is energy in transit due to temperature difference. Work is another mode of energy transfer. Internal energy is the sum of molecular kinetic and

The First Law is written as

The First Law is written as ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW, where ΔQ is heat supplied to the system, ΔU is change in internal energy, and ΔW is work done by the system.

Specific heat capacity is s =

Specific heat capacity is s = (1/m)(ΔQ/ΔT). Molar specific heat capacity is C = (1/μ)(ΔQ/ΔT). For solids, the equipartition result gives C = 3R, thoug