Binary Logic

00110

The 1's complement is obtained by flipping (inverting) every bit of the binary number. Step 1: Original binary number: 1 1 0 0 1 Step 2: Flip each bit — 1→0, 1→0, 0→1, 0→1, 1→0. Step 3: Result: 0 0 1 1 0 Step 4: So 1's complement of 11001 is 00110. Why others are wrong: 00111 would mean the last bit was not flipped. 11010 is an incorrect partial flip. Remember: every single bit must be inverted.

00111

The 2's complement is found by taking the 1's complement and adding 1 to the LSB. Step 1: Original number: 11001 Step 2: Find 1's complement by flipping all bits: 00110 Step 3: Add 1 to the LSB: 00110 + 1 = 00111 Step 4: So 2's complement of 11001 = 00111. Formula: 2's complement = 1's complement + 1 Why 00110 is wrong: That is only the 1's complement, not the 2's complement. You must add 1 more.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Step 1: ASCII is a character encoding standard used to represent text in computers. Step 2: It assigns a unique numerical value to each character (letters, digits, symbols). Step 3: For example, the uppercase letter 'A' has ASCII value 65, and lowercase 'a' has value 97. Step 4: This allows computers (which only understand numbers) to process text data. Key fact: ASCII values for A-Z range from 65 to 90, and a-z range from 97 to 122.

65

The ASCII value of uppercase 'A' is 65. Step 1: In ASCII, uppercase letters A to Z are assigned values from 65 to 90 respectively. Step 2: So A=65, B=66, C=67... Z=90. Step 3: Lowercase letters a to z have values from 97 to 122 (a=97, z=122). Step 4: The character '@' has ASCII value 64, which is just before 'A'. Why others are wrong: 97 is the ASCII value of lowercase 'a', 64 is '@', and 72 is 'H'.