Chapter 1 of 12
Concept Maps
Introduction — Concept Maps
CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology
4 concept maps of Introduction for CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology, each also written out as a text outline. Part of the CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology syllabus.
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4 Concept Maps
Historical Milestones in the Development of Biotechnology
The map in words
- 10000 BC
- Early farming and animal domestication
- 6000 BC
- Beer making from cereal grains
- 4000 BC
- Chinese fermented foods and soy sauces
- 2000 BC
- Vinegar production in Egypt
- 1590
- Compound microscope by Zacharias Janssen
- 1665
- Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork
- 1676
- Leeuwenhoek observes animalcules
- 1857
- Mendel begins genetics experiments
- 1869
- Miescher isolates nucleic acids
- 1896
- Buchner shows cell-free fermentation
- 1917
- Karl Ereky coins the term Biotechnology
- 1940s
- Modern fermenter or bioreactor invented
- 1952
- Hershey and Chase identify DNA as genetic material
- 1953
- Watson and Crick propose DNA double helix
- 1972
- Gene therapy concept developed
- 1982
- India establishes National Biotechnology Board
- 1986
- DBT established in India
- 1990
- First successful gene therapy for ADA-SCID
- 2003
- Gendicine approved as first cancer gene therapy
- 2021
- Covaxin launched as India's first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine
Chronological Milestones in the History of Biotechnology
The map in words
- 10000 BC
- Crop cultivation begins Paleolithic era
- 6000 BC
- Beer making using cereal grains
- 4000 BC
- Chinese use fermentation for soy sauce
- 2000 BC
- Vinegar production in Egypt
- 1590
- Zacharias Janssen invents compound microscope
- 1665
- Robert Hooke observes cells in cork
- 1676
- Leeuwenhoek sees animalcules in pond water
- 1857
- Mendel begins genetics experiments with peas
- 1858
- Virchow declares all cells from pre-existing cells
- 1860
- Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation
- 1869
- Miescher isolates nuclein DNA precursor
- 1896
- Buchner shows cell-free fermentation
- 1917
- Karl Ereky coins term Biotechnology
- 1940s
- Modern bioreactor invented for penicillin
- 1952
- Hershey and Chase prove DNA is genetic material
- 1953
- Watson and Crick propose DNA double helix
- 1972
- Gene therapy conceptualised
- 1980
- First gene therapy attempt by Martin Cline
- 1982
- NBTB established in India
- 1986
- DBT established in India
- 1990
- First successful gene therapy ADA-SCID
- 2003
- First commercial gene therapy Gendicine in China
Key Milestones in the History of Biotechnology
The map in words
- 1590
- Janssen invents compound microscope
- 1665
- Hooke names cellulae in cork
- 1676
- Leeuwenhoek sees animalcules
- 1857
- Mendel begins genetics experiments
- 1869
- Miescher isolates nuclein from WBCs
- 1882
- Flemming describes chromosomes
- 1896
- Buchner shows cell-free fermentation
- 1917
- Karl Ereky coins Biotechnology
- 1952
- Hershey and Chase confirm DNA as genetic material
- 1953
- Watson and Crick propose double helix
- 1972
- Gene therapy conceptualised
- 1980
- Cline attempts gene therapy for thalassemia - fails
- 1982
- NBTB constituted in India
- 1986
- DBT established in India
- 1990
- First successful gene therapy - ADA-SCID
- 2003
- Gendicine approved in China for cancer
Biotechnology as the use of living cells and biological molecules to make useful products for human benefit
The map in words
- Biotechnology as the use of living cells and biological molecules to make useful products for human benefit
- Definition of biotechnology
- Ancient biotechnology
- Fermentation
- Historical milestones
- Modern biotechnology
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Applications of modern biotechnology
- Medicine and health care
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Explore DiagramsFrequently Asked Questions
What are the important topics in Introduction for CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology?
Key topics in Introduction include Meaning and Scope of Biotechnology, Historical Development of Biotechnology, Applications of Modern Biotechnology, Biotechnology in Medicine and Health Care. Study these first, then practise questions on each for Class 11 exams.
What do the concept maps for Introduction show?
The 4 maps show how the ideas in Introduction connect: Historical Milestones in the Development of Biotechnology; Chronological Milestones in the History of Biotechnology. Each map is also written out as an outline on this page.
How should I revise Introduction for Class 11 exams?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 98 practice questions on Introduction. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.
Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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Important Questions
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Revision Notes
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Chapter Summary
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Study Plan
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Syllabus
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