CBSE Class 11 History — Chapter Summary

Early societies developed through long and uneven changes in human life. The timeline begins with the emergence of human ancestors in Africa and moves through the growth of hunting, gathering, fire use, language, farming, animal domestication, settlement, craft production, trade, cities, writing, an

Writing and city life developed together in Mesopotamia, the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The chapter shows how agriculture, trade, temples, kings, and writing supported one another and helped create the first major urban civilisation. It also explains how Mesopotamian writing prese

Between 100 BCE and 1300 CE, large empires grew, changed, and declined across Africa, Europe, and Asia. Trade networks connected regions over land and sea, and ideas, languages, religions, and technologies travelled with merchants, soldiers, travellers, and rulers. Rome expanded across the Mediterra