From the Rulers to the Ruled: Types of Governments

Equality before law, Freedom of expression, Universal adult franchise, Independent judiciary

The fundamental principles of democracy include equality, freedom, universal adult franchise, representative participation, fundamental rights, and independent judiciary. Rule by one person is characteristic of dictatorship, not democracy.

Legislative function, Executive function, Judicial function

The three main functions of government are: Legislative (making laws), Executive (implementing laws), and Judicial (ensuring laws are followed). While governments do have military and economic roles, these are not the three main functions discussed in the chapter.

All adults above a certain age can vote

Universal Adult Franchise grants every citizen above a certain age (usually 18) the right to vote to choose their representatives, regardless of their education, wealth, gender, or other factors.

Iran

Iran is mentioned as an example of a theocracy where the country is ruled according to Islamic law and religious principles, with ultimate authority resting with religious leaders.