Manufacturing Industries

Correct Option: (a) Aluminium Smelting

Bauxite is the chief ore of aluminium. It is used as the primary raw material in aluminium smelting plants where it is processed (through the Bayer process and electrolytic reduction) to extract pure aluminium metal. Cement uses limestone, paper uses wood pulp, and steel uses iron ore as their respective raw materials.

Correct Option: (b) Electronic

The Electronic industry is responsible for manufacturing hardware products such as telephones, computers, televisions, and other electronic devices. Information Technology (IT) deals with software and services, not the physical manufacturing of these devices.

Answer:

Manufacturing is the process of producing goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into finished products with the help of machines, labour, and energy.

For example, converting cotton fibre into cloth, or iron ore into steel, are acts of manufacturing. It adds value to the raw material and creates employment.

Answer:

Basic industries are those industries which supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture further goods. They form the foundation of industrial development.

Example: The iron and steel industry is a basic industry because it supplies steel to automobile, machinery, construction, and many other industries.

Answer:

Industries pollute the environment in the following ways:

1. Air Pollution: Industries release smoke, dust, fumes, and harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Burning of fossil fuels like coal in factories adds to air pollution.

2. Water Pollution: Industries discharge hot water, dyes, detergents, acids, and toxic chemicals into rivers and lakes. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, and tannery industries are major water polluters.

3. Land/Soil Pollution: Dumping of industrial waste, fly ash, and chemical effluents on land degrades soil quality and makes it unfit for agriculture.

4. Noise Pollution: Industrial machinery, generators, and heavy equipment produce high levels of noise, which causes hearing impairment, stress, and other health problems for workers and nearby residents.

5. Thermal Pollution: Hot water discharged from industries into water bodies raises water temperature, harming aquatic life.

Answer:

The following steps can be taken to minimise environmental degradation caused by industries:

1. Controlling Air Pollution: Smoke and dust can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks with filters and electrostatic precipitators. Use of cleaner fuels and renewable energy sources should be encouraged.

2. Treating Water Before Discharge: Industries must treat their effluents in sewage treatment plants before releasing them into rivers or lakes. Recycling of water within the factory should be practised.

3. Waste Management: Solid waste should be properly disposed of or recycled. Fly ash and other by-products should be reused — for example, fly ash can be used in making bricks.

4. Reducing Noise Pollution: Machinery should be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise-absorbing materials should be used in factory buildings. Workers should use earplugs and earphones.

5. Green Belts: Industries should develop green belts (plantation of trees) around factory premises to absorb pollution and maintain ecological balance.

6. Legal Compliance: Industries must strictly follow environmental norms and laws set by the government. Adoption of ISO 14001 (Environment Management System) certification, as done by NTPC, should be encouraged.

Conclusion: The challenge of sustainable development requires the integration of economic development with environmental concerns so that future generations are not deprived of natural resources.

(i) Power (5 letters) — Power is used to drive machinery in factories.

(ii) Worker (6 letters) — Workers are the people who work in a factory.

(iii) Market (6 letters) — Market is the place where the product is sold.

(iv) Retailer (8 letters) — A retailer is a person who sells goods to consumers.

(v) Product (7 letters) — A product is the thing produced by an industry.

(vi) Manufacture (11 letters) — To manufacture means to make or produce goods.

(vii) Pollution (9 letters) — Pollution refers to the degradation of land, water, and air.

1. Agro-based industries — Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries that derive their raw materials from agriculture are called agro-based industries.

2. Sugarcane — Sugarcane is the basic raw material used in the sugar industry to produce sugar.

3. Jute — Jute fibre is known as the 'Golden Fibre' because of its golden-brown colour and high economic value.

4. Iron Steel (Iron and Steel) — Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of the iron and steel industry.

5. Bhilai — The Bhilai Steel Plant, located in Chhattisgarh, is a major public sector steel plant set up with Soviet assistance.

6. Varanasi — Railway diesel engines are manufactured at Varanasi (Diesel Locomotive Works) in Uttar Pradesh.

Note: This is a field-based project. Students should visit or research industries in their local area. A sample answer is provided below for guidance.

Agro-based Industry Example: Sugar Mill

(i) Raw Materials Used:
- Sugarcane (primary raw material)
- Water, lime, and chemicals used in processing

(ii) Other Inputs Involving Transportation Cost:
- Transportation of sugarcane from farms to the mill
- Transportation of coal/fuel for running the mill
- Transportation of finished sugar to markets and warehouses
- Transportation of by-products like molasses and bagasse

(iii) Environmental Norms:
- Students should observe whether the factory has an effluent treatment plant, whether it disposes of waste properly, and whether it has obtained necessary pollution control certificates from the State Pollution Control Board.

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Mineral-based Industry Example: Cement Factory

(i) Raw Materials Used:
- Limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum

(ii) Other Inputs Involving Transportation Cost:
- Transportation of limestone from quarries
- Transportation of coal for kilns
- Transportation of finished cement bags to construction sites

(iii) Environmental Norms:
- Students should check if the factory uses dust collectors, bag filters, and electrostatic precipitators to control air pollution, and whether it follows norms set by the Pollution Control Board.

*Students are advised to fill in actual observations from their local area for full marks.*