ICSE Class 11 Environmental Science — Chapter Summary

Environmental science is the interdisciplinary study of the environment and the various factors that influence it. It combines biology, chemistry, physics, geography, and social sciences to examine the interactions between human activities and the natural world. The subject is important because mode

Human societies survive by organising livelihood, resource use, settlement, and social relations in distinct ways. These organised patterns are called modes of existence. Four principal modes are recognised: hunting-gathering, pastoral, agricultural, and industrial. Each mode differs in its resource

Ecology studies the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is a functional and self-sustaining unit of nature in which living organisms interact with non-living components such as sunlight, air, water, soil, and minerals. Ecosystems may be natural, suc