Technological Evolution and Models — Chapter Summary
ICSE · Class 11 · Environmental Science
Summary of Technological Evolution and Models for ICSE Class 11 Environmental Science. Part of the ICSE Class 11 Environmental Science syllabus.
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Overview
Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge to meet human needs and solve social and economic problems. Its evolution shows how human societies changed from simple stone tools to modern digital systems, and how each stage affected production, energy use, living standards, and the
Key Concepts
Technology is the practical application
Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge, skills, and techniques to create tools, machines, and systems that help human beings
Technological development moved through major stages
Technological development moved through major stages: Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Medieval, Industrial Revolution, Modern and Contemporary, and the shift
Early humans used stone
Early humans used stone, wood, and bone tools, and the discovery of fire was a major breakthrough. Technology was low-tech, labour-intensive, and clos
Agriculture and domestication of animals allowed
Agriculture and domestication of animals allowed humans to move from nomadic life to settled communities. Food production increased, population grew,
Societies developed improved agricultural tools
Societies developed improved agricultural tools, water mills, windmills, mechanical clocks, and better irrigation systems, while still depending large
Learning Objectives
- Understand the meaning of technology and its evolution through historical stages.
- Explain how technology has affected human societies socially, economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally.
- Differentiate between hi-tech, low-tech, and intermediate technology.
- Distinguish between traditional technology and appropriate technology.
- Describe the Industrial Revolution, its causes, major innovations, and environmental effects.
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Sources & Official References
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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