Natural Hazards, Causes and Management
ICSE · Class 11 · Geography
All formulas from Natural Hazards, Causes and Management in ICSE Class 11 Geography. Key equations, constants, and identities for board exam preparation.
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Formulas
Earthquakes
Richter magnitude scale = logarithmic, open-ended scale
Each whole number increase in magnitude = 10-fold increase in measured wave amplitude
Each whole number increase in magnitude = 31.5 times increase in energy released
MI = ratio between precipitation received and water requirement of plants
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