Learning

Aha Experience

Step 1: In Kohler's insight learning, the learner (Sultan the chimpanzee) does not solve the problem through random trial and error or through conditioned responses. Step 2: Instead, after a period of looking at the whole situation (the sticks and the bananas), Sultan suddenly perceived the relationship between the two sticks and the distant bananas. Step 3: This sudden realisation – the moment the solution 'flashes' in the mind like a light bulb – is called the 'Aha Experience' or 'Aha Feeling'. Step 4: This experience brings a sense of satisfaction and relief. It is a key feature of insight

Children can learn aggressive behaviour by simply observing and imitating aggressive models

Step 1: In 1961, Bandura conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment with 72 children aged 3-6 years. Step 2: Children who watched an adult model behave aggressively towards a Bobo doll (punching, throwing it) later showed more aggressive behaviour themselves in a similar situation. Step 3: Children who watched a non-aggressive model showed far less aggression. Step 4: The main conclusion was that children learn specific behaviours, including aggression, simply by observing others – this is the core idea of Observational Learning or Social Learning Theory. Direct reward or punishment was NOT necessary

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Step 1: Schedules of reinforcement describe when and how often a reinforcer is given. Step 2: A 'ratio' schedule is based on the NUMBER of responses (not time). Step 3: A 'fixed ratio' schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed, predictable number of correct responses. For example, in Skinner's experiment, the rat was given food after every 3 times it pressed the lever – this is a fixed ratio of 3:1. Step 4: Why other options are wrong – Fixed Interval Schedule gives reinforcement after a fixed TIME period (e.g., every hour), not after a number of responses. Variable Interval Schedule gives

Kinesthetic

Step 1: The VAK model is a well-known framework that categorises people into three main learning style groups based on how they best process information. Step 2: V stands for Visual (learning through seeing – diagrams, charts, presentations). Step 3: A stands for Auditory (learning through hearing – lectures, discussions, reading aloud). Step 4: K stands for Kinesthetic (learning through doing – physical activities, hands-on experiments, touching materials, role-playing). Step 5: Kinesthetic learners prefer to actively do something while learning – like learning to drive by actually driving, o