Lifespan Development
ICSE · Class 12 · Psychology
Complete topic list for Lifespan Development in ICSE Class 12 Psychology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Lifespan Development
3.1 Importance of the Study of Lifespan Development
- Development is a lifelong process beginning at conception and continuing until death.
- The study of lifespan development helps individuals understand normal developmental milestones and identify deviations.
- Parents benefit by understanding and addressing concerns of children and adolescents.
3.2 Development, Growth and Maturation
- Development: Progressive series of changes that are continuous, cumulative, consistent, and individualised.
- Growth: Quantitative changes (height, weight, size) — has a limit in terms of age; slows or stops after a certain age.
- Maturation: Gradual unfolding of characteristics dependent on biological factors; pioneered by Arnold Gesell, advanced by Jean Piaget.
3.3.1 Physical Development across Infancy and Babyhood
- Physical development occurs through neural, lymphoid, musculo-skeletal and genital development.
- Brain weight at birth: 1/8th of body weight → 1/18th at age 10 → 1/25th at age 15 (brain grows proportionally smaller relative to body).
- Height at birth: 17–21 inches; at end of 2nd year: 32–34 inches.
3.3.2 Motor Development across Infancy, Babyhood and Childhood
- Motor development: Gradual gaining of control over bodily movements.
- Newborn reflexes are automatic, unlearned responses that aid survival.
- Key newborn reflexes: Grasping, Moro (embracing reflex), Rooting, Tonic neck (fencing reflex), Babinski (toe fanning), Eye blinking, Stepping, Sucking reflex.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Lifespan Development: Physical, Cognitive and Socio-Emotional changes from Conception to Death
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