The Four Domains and Major Landforms

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The four domains of the Earth are: Lithosphere (land), Hydrosphere (water), Atmosphere (air), and Biosphere (living things). These domains work together to support life on Earth.

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The lithosphere is the solid outer layer of the Earth made up of rocks, minerals, and soil. It includes mountains, plains, plateaus, and the ocean floor. It supports human settlements, agriculture, an…

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The Earth is called the 'Blue Planet' because more than three-fourths of its surface is covered with water, which looks blue from space. Most of this water is in oceans.

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The hydrosphere includes all forms of water on Earth—oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, glaciers, groundwater, and water vapour in the air. It supports aquatic life and is essential for all living beings.

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Three forms of water in the hydrosphere are: liquid (rivers, lakes), solid (glaciers, ice caps), and gas (water vapour in the air).

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The atmosphere is a thin layer of air surrounding the Earth. It is made of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. It protects us from the Sun’s harmful rays and keeps the Earth…

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The atmosphere provides oxygen for breathing, protects us from harmful UV rays with the ozone layer, and traps heat to keep the Earth warm. It also helps in weather changes and the water cycle.

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The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It includes parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere where living things like plants, animals, and humans can survive.