History - An Introduction

Epigraphy

Step 1: The chapter introduces specific terms for different studies. Step 2: Inscriptions are writings engraved on stone, metal, or hard surfaces. Step 3: The study of inscriptions is specifically called 'Epigraphy'. Step 4: 'Numismatics' is the study of coins and currency — a different archaeological source. Step 5: 'Archaeology' is the broader study of human life through material remains, while 'Epigraphy' is a specific branch focused only on inscriptions.

His religious beliefs, principles of Dhamma, and administration

Step 1: Inscriptions are a very important archaeological source. Step 2: The chapter specifically mentions that Ashoka's rock inscriptions throw light on his religious beliefs. Step 3: They also describe his principles of Dhamma (a moral code of conduct) and how he administered his empire. Step 4: The discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel are related to the Stone Age, not Ashoka's inscriptions. Step 5: Indus Valley trade routes are studied through other archaeological means, not Ashoka's edicts.

Radio Carbon Dating Method

Step 1: When archaeologists dig up old objects, they need to find out how old they are. Step 2: The method used for this is called the 'Radio Carbon Dating Method'. Step 3: This scientific technique helps determine the age (date) of archaeological finds like bones, tools, and wood. Step 4: 'Carbon Copy Method' and 'Stone Age Measurement' are not real historical methods — they are incorrect options. Step 5: 'Numismatic Dating' refers to using coins to estimate dates, which is a different approach, not the scientific radio carbon technique.

Numismatics

Step 1: Coins are one of the most important archaeological sources of history. Step 2: The chapter clearly defines Numismatics as the study of currency, including coins and paper money. Step 3: Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions — a different archaeological source. Step 4: Archaeology is the broader field of studying human past through material remains. Step 5: Etymology refers to the origin and history of words — it is not related to coins at all.