Historiography : Development in the West

Method based on scientific principles, Questions are anthropocentric, Answers supported by reliable evidence, Presents mankind's journey through past human deeds

Modern historiography has four main characteristics: scientific methodology, anthropocentric questions, evidence-based answers, and presentation of human progress. It does not focus on divine phenomena but on human activities.

Class struggle

According to Karl Marx, human history is the history of class struggle. He believed that society is divided into classes based on ownership of means of production, leading to economic exploitation and class conflict.

Gottingen University

Gottingen University, founded in Germany in 1737 C.E., was the first university to have an independent department of history, marking a shift from purely philosophical studies to historical research.

France

The Annales School arose in France at the onset of the twentieth century. It gave a new direction to history writing by focusing on climate, local people, agriculture, trade, technology, and social divisions rather than just political events.