Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

The emission of electrons from

The emission of electrons from a metal surface when electromagnetic radiation of appropriate frequency is incident on it. Key observations include: (1

Einstein proposed that electromagnetic radiation consists

Einstein proposed that electromagnetic radiation consists of discrete packets of energy called photons. Each photon carries energy E = hν and momentum

The minimum energy required to remove

The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a metal, denoted by φ₀. It varies for different metals (K: 2.3 eV, Na: 2.4 eV, C

Every moving particle has an associated

Every moving particle has an associated wavelength λ = h/p = h/mv, known as de Broglie wavelength. This wavelength becomes significant only for micros

Both electromagnetic radiation and matter exhibit

Both electromagnetic radiation and matter exhibit dual nature - wave and particle properties coexist but dominate under different conditions. Wave nat