Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Instantaneous emission of electrons, Existence of threshold frequency, Independence of KE_max on intensity, Linear relation between stopping potential and frequency

Wave theory could not explain: (1) instantaneous emission (2) threshold frequency (3) KE_max independent of intensity (4) linear V₀-ν relation. Only photocurrent dependence on intensity was explainable by wave theory.

Electron diffraction, Davisson-Germer experiment, Thomson's experiment

Wave nature of matter is demonstrated by electron diffraction experiments (Davisson-Germer and Thomson). Compton scattering and photoelectric effect show particle nature of radiation.

Frequency of incident light, Work function of metal

From eV₀ = hν - φ₀, stopping potential V₀ depends on frequency ν and work function φ₀, but not on intensity or surface area.

2.13 × 10⁻²⁷ kg⋅m/s

p = E/c = (4 × 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ J)/(3×10⁸ m/s) = 2.13 × 10⁻²⁷ kg⋅m/s