Motivation And Emotion

Power motive — striving to influence, control, and create impact on others in service of justice

Step 1 – Understand Mandela's actions: Mandela dedicated his life to ending apartheid and creating equal opportunity. His goal was to influence the political system and the lives of millions of people. Step 2 – Match to the correct motive: The Power motive is defined as the need to strive for impact on others, to influence, control, and persuade. Mandela sought to reshape society and influence the direction of his country. Step 3 – Clarify the nuance: The chapter notes that Mandela's power motive was in service of justice — it was not about selfish control but about collective freedom. This is

The six primary emotions — fear, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, and happiness — are expressed in the same basic way across all cultures

Step 1 – Recall the chapter's claim: Research shows that six basic emotions are expressed universally — people across the world (Indians, Americans, Germans, Japanese) express these emotions in the same basic way using similar facial and muscular movements. Step 2 – Identify the six primary emotions: Fear, Anger, Sadness, Surprise, Disgust, and Happiness. Each is associated with a unique set of facial expressions. Step 3 – Distinguish from display rules: While the basic expressions are universal, display rules (culturally approved ways of showing emotions) DO differ across cultures. For exampl

Making of emotion — displaying a socially appropriate emotion that is not genuinely felt

Step 1 – Understand the scenario: Priya does NOT actually feel happy about the gift, yet she smiles and thanks the giver. There is a mismatch between what she feels internally and what she shows externally. Step 2 – Recall the chapter's term: The chapter specifically uses the phrase 'making of emotion' to describe situations where a person displays a socially appropriate emotion that is not genuinely felt. Step 3 – Connect to display rules: Display rules are culturally learned guidelines about how and when to show emotions. Priya is following the display rule that says 'be polite and grateful

Physiological changes, behavioural or expressive changes, and subjective feelings (emotional feelings)

Step 1 – Recall the three components from the chapter: The chapter clearly identifies three components of emotion: (1) Physiological Changes — bodily reactions like increased heart rate, perspiration, pupil dilation, faster breathing; (2) Behavioural and Expressive Changes — outward signs like facial expressions, gestures, postures, running away; (3) Subjective Feelings (Emotional Feelings) — the personal, conscious experience of the emotion, including labelling it as happy, sad, or angry. Step 2 – Verify Option B: All three elements in Option B match exactly what the chapter states. Step 3 –