Polynomials — Syllabus
Punjab Board · Class 9 · Mathematics
What Polynomials covers in Punjab Board Class 9 Mathematics: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session. Part of the Punjab Board Class 9 Mathematics syllabus.
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Topics in Polynomials
1. Polynomials in One Variable – Basic Concepts
- A polynomial in one variable x is an expression of the form a_n·x^n + a_(n-1)·x^(n-1) + ... + a_1·x + a_0, where all exponents are whole numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
- Each part of a polynomial separated by + or – signs is called a TERM.
- The number multiplied with the variable in each term is called the COEFFICIENT.
2. Zeroes of a Polynomial
- The VALUE of a polynomial p(x) at x = a is found by substituting x = a in the expression. It is denoted p(a).
- A ZERO of polynomial p(x) is a number 'c' such that p(c) = 0.
- Finding a zero means solving the equation p(x) = 0.
3. Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem
- REMAINDER THEOREM: When polynomial p(x) is divided by (x – a), the remainder is p(a). You do NOT need to perform long division to find the remainder!
- FACTOR THEOREM: (x – a) is a factor of p(x) if and only if p(a) = 0.
- The Factor Theorem is a special case of the Remainder Theorem (when remainder = 0, the divisor is a factor).
4. Factorisation of Polynomials
- SPLITTING THE MIDDLE TERM: For ax^2 + bx + c, find two numbers p and q such that p + q = b and p × q = a × c. Rewrite bx as px + qx and factorise by grouping.
- USING FACTOR THEOREM for quadratics: Find a zero 'r' by trial, then (x – r) is a factor. Divide to get the other factor.
- CUBIC FACTORISATION STEPS: (1) Try x = ±1, ±2, ±3, ... (factors of constant term) to find one zero 'a'. (2) Write (x – a) as one factor. (3) Perform grouping or division to find quadratic factor. (4)
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