Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography — Chapter Summary

Nature of a Geography

Interior of the Earth & Rocks

Earth Movements-endogenic Forces Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Exogenic forces :weathering and erosion. Theories Isostasy, Continental drift & Plate

Work of River, underground water, glacier, winds and sea waves

Elements of weather and climate

Composition & structure of atmosphere

Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical

Atmospheric pressure and Types of Winds

Precipitation Forms and types of Rain fall

Ocean & Submarine relief

Ocean salinity and temperature

Circulation of Ocean water, waves, tides & Ocean currents

Ocean Deposits

Biosphere (Ecosystem) and Biomes

Land slides, Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Cyclones, Flooding, Drought

Physical divisions, climate and drainage

Land Resources and Soils

Natural Vegetations

Water Resources -Irrigation

Land use and Agriculture

Mineral Resources-Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite and Energy Resources -Conventional (Coal, Petroleum, natural gas) and Non-Conventional (wind and Solar Energy)

Industries: Agro- based (Cotton textiles & Sugar), Mineral Based (Iron and Steel), Forest – based (Paper & Pulp)

Types of Transport – Roadways, Railways and Airways, Trade in India

Population: Growth, distribution and density

Population composition-Sex ratio, Child Populations, Literacy, Rural and Urban, SC 7ST Population.

Human Settlements -Rural and Urban

Administrative divisions, Physiography and Drainage, Climate, Soils, and Natural Vegetation

Population

Types of maps, Map scales and Methods and of Representation of Relief Features.

Interpretation of Topographical Maps and Weather Maps