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Communalism and Secularism in India

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Sociology

Quick revision notes for Communalism and Secularism in India — Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Sociology. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

1

Concept of Communalism

  • Communalism is an ideology that divides society along religious lines, where one community sees itself as superior or in conflict with others.
  • It leads to hostility, violence, and discrimination against people of other religions.
  • Communalism is not about being religious, but about using religion for political or personal gain.
2

Communalism in India

  • Hindu-Muslim tensions have historical, political, and social roots, including British 'divide and rule' policy and the two-nation theory.
  • Events like the Babri Masjid demolition and Gujarat riots intensified Hindu-Muslim conflicts.
  • Hindu-Sikh tensions rose in the 1980s due to the Khalistan movement, leading to Operation Blue Star and anti-Sikh riots after Indira Gandhi's assassination.
3

What is Secularism?

  • Secularism means the state has no official religion and treats all religions equally.
  • It ensures freedom of religion and prevents any one religion from dominating others.
  • In India, secularism includes both separation of religion from the state and equal respect for all religions (*sarva dharma sambhav*).
4

Secularism in the Indian Constitution

  • The word 'secular' was not in the original Constitution but was added in 1976 by the 42nd Amendment.
  • Articles 25–30 protect religious freedoms and minority rights.
  • The Supreme Court in the SR Bommai case ruled that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution.

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Key Concepts

Communalism is an ideology that dividesAccording to sociologist TSecularism means the state does notThough the word 'secular' was not

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Communalism and Secularism in India for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Sociology?
Communalism and Secularism in India covers several key topics that are frequently asked in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Communalism and Secularism in India — Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Sociology?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 46 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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