Equilibrium — Chapter Summary

At equilibrium

At equilibrium, the rate of the forward process equals the rate of the reverse process. In liquid-vapour equilibrium, evaporation and condensation occ

For a general reaction aA +

For a general reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is Kc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b, where all concentration terms are equilibrium valu

For gaseous reactions

For gaseous reactions, Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn, where Δn is the difference between moles of gaseous products and reactants. For H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g), Δn = 0,

Qc and Qp have the same

Qc and Qp have the same form as equilibrium constants, but the concentrations or pressures can be taken at any time, not only at equilibrium. If Qc <

The relation ΔG = ΔG° +

The relation ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln Q connects thermodynamics with equilibrium. At equilibrium, ΔG = 0 and Q = K, so ΔG° = -RT ln K and K = e^(-ΔG°/RT).